Other Body Shapes

A domain family that is considerably expanded in nematodes, relative to vertebrates, is the zona pellucida (ZP) domain (Bork and Sander, 1992). In database searches this domain was found in C. elegans cuticlin-1 (cut-1), a component of the nematode cuticle (Sebastiano et al., 1991), and 33 other C. elegans proteins (Table II). On the basis of disulfide-linked domains that accompany the ZP domain in these proteins, it is likely that they localize to the worm s extracellular matrix. Indeed, it is possible that most of these proteins are components of the worm cuticle. The cuticle structure is the multilayered elastic exoskeleton that determines the worm s body shape. Although vertebrates lack an equivalent... 

Weight loss supplements, whether in the form of pills, powders, foods, or drinks, are a booming business. However, there are many other ways in which companies claim to help people achieve the weight, body shape, and overall look of their dreams. Here are some examples of other weight loss programs and claims ... 

The structural chemistry of the tin(II) ion has been reviewed by Donaldson 91>, who concludes that the effective shape of this ion in crystalline materials may be described as a sphere with a bulge of electron density that prevents the close approach of other bodies along the direction in which the bulge points. The ns2 outer electron configuration, he writes, "presents a unique problem in descriptive inorganic chemistry. ... 

The orbits of artificial satellites of the Earth or other bodies with atmospheres whose orbits come close to their surfaces are very complicated. The orbits of these satellites are influenced by atmospheric drag, which tends to bring the satellite down into the lower atmosphere, where it is either vaporized by atmospheric friction or falls to the planet s surface. In addition, the shape of Earth and many other bodies is not perfectly spherical. The bulge that forms at the equator, due to the planet s spinning motion, causes a stronger gravitational attraction. When the satellite passes by the equator, it may be slowed enough to pull it to earth. 

Bougies Bougies are instruments or shaped, solid medications for insertion into the urethra or other body cavities. The term comes from the French bougie, signifying a thin wax candle named for the Algerian city, Bougie.f ... 

We will calculate first the direct radiative interchange between two black bodies of arbitrary shape with surfaces Ax and A2 and uniform temperatures 7 and T2, Fig. 5.54. In this case, all radiation flows emitted by one body that do not strike the other body will be ignored. The proportion of the radiation flow emitted by 1 and incident on 2 is given by... 

The capacity and/or the capacitance of an isopotential ellipsoid are presented in several texts and handbooks such as those by Flugge [22], Jeans [40], Kellogg [43], Mason and Weaver [62], Morse and Feshbach [68, 69], Smythe [98], and Stratton [111]. The results presented in these texts are used to develop expressions for the shape factors of several bodies spheres, oblate and prolate spheroids (see Fig. 3.3), circular and elliptical disks, and ellipsoids. The shape factor for the ellipsoid is general it reduces to the shape factor for the other bodies. 

Important Dimensionless Groups. The average Nusselt number for steady-state heat transfer from the body shown in Fig. 4.1a depends on the dimensionless groups that arise in the nondimensionalized equations of motion and their boundary conditions [78]. With Tw and T constant, the only dimensionless groups that appear in the boundary conditions are those associated with the body shape. Provided the simplified equations (Eqs. 4.5 1.7) are valid, the only other dimensionless groups are the Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers. Thus, for a given body shape,... 

The work of Hassani and Hollands [128] on conduction across layers of uniform thickness applied to 3D bodies of various shape has shown that Eq. 4.18 applies approximately to other 3D body shapes as well. (Note that the actual Nucond for the body at hand must be used.) The work of Hassani and Hollands also shows that slightly better results for such nonspherical bodies would be obtained if Eq. 4.18 is modified as follows ... 

Other 3D Enclosures With Interior Solids. Warrington and Powe [278] showed that so far as the heat transfer is concerned, cubes and stubby cylinders behave similarly to equivalent spheres of the same volume. This appears to be the case for both the inner and outer body shape. So Eqs, 4.121,4.124, and 4.128 appear to be applicable to other inner and outer body shapes as well, it being understood that D0 = (6V0/7t)l/3 and D, = (6 Vz/Jt)1 3, where Va and U, are the inner and outer body volumes, respectively. Sparrow and Charmichi [258], using stubby cylinders for the inner and outer body shapes, confirmed the conduction layer model prediction that the heat transfer is independent of eccentricity E when Ra (based on inner cylinder diameter) is greater than about 1500. 

Other Shapes. Churchill [55] proposed that Eq. (4.159) with m = 3 be used also for assisting mixed convection flow around other surface shapes, such as spheres and cylinders The appropriate expressions for Nuf and Nun for the body shape of interest must be used. 

Consider the growth of a small vapor or gas bubble, far from any other body, initially in equilibrium with a large volume of stationary liquid, as a result of a small displacement from equilibrium. The bubble maintains a spherical shape because of surface tension, and the liquid motion is purely radial. Note that this does not imply that the temperature or concentration field is likewise spherically symmetric. The governing equations and boundary... 

The seamless preforms could be knitted with utilization of the stitch shaped-and-cut method, where different knitted stitch structures used within the length of the same preform distort it from the cylindrical shape into a shape conforming closer to the human body. Commonly, such shaping involves engineered rib waistbands and cuffs that result in a narrower section of the tubular garment part, but are extensible for better fit. In women s sport garments, rib, mock rib and other narrow fabric constructions could be utilized to shape the preform to the body shape as required. 

The method for drying a plane slab is described, but a similar method may also be developed for bodies of other geometric shapes [2,8,30]. 

As would be determined 70 years later, orientationally averaged projections are exactly equal to ft (assuming hard-sphere interactions) for and only for contiguous bodies that lack concave surfaces and thus permit neither self-shadowing nor multiple scattering of gas molecules.For other bodies, ft always exceeds the projection. No polyatomic molecule is truly convex because of crevices between the atoms. However, the effect of such small locally concave areas on ft is only a few percent and PA is often passable for largely convex shapes. This is not true for objects... 

Not only fibres can be produced with such technologies. Once the cellulose or its derivative is dissolved, this dope can be shaped into other bodies like hollow fibres for membrane applications (artificial kidney), membrane films, packaging films (e.g. Cellophane), self-adhesive tapes (Sellotape), or sponges. 

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