Other Biologically Important Sugars

Optical isomers are frequently found in sugars, amino acids, and other biologically important molecules. 

Water is an excellent solvent for a variety of materials these include many ionic compounds (acids, bases, and salts). Some gases dissolve well in water, particularly those that react with it chemically. Sugars and many other biologically important compounds are also soluble in water. However, greases and oils generally are not soluble in water but do dissolve in organic solvents. 

Sugar phosphates and other biologically important anions have been determined simultaneously by ion chromatography (Dionex system, with anion-exchange columns, anion membrane suppressor, and conductivity detection). Glucuronic acid 1-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, and inositol phosphates were detected down to 20-100 pmole and in rat brain and liver samples. 

Aldehyde and ketone functional groups are also present in many biologically important compounds. Glucose and most other sugars contain aldehyde groups, for instance. Testosterone and many other steroid hormones contain ketone groups. 

Andreana et al. [25] have recently invoked RCM to prepare /J,y-unsaturated <5-lactones (Scheme 3). Exposure of dienes of general type 13 to either 2 or 4 (which could be used at lower loadings) readily furnished lactones 14. For other examples of a,/ -unsaturated <5- and y-lactone synthesis by RCM see Ref. [26]. Variation of the configuration at the chiral carbons and the ligand for the asymmetric dihydroxylation reaction allows access to an array of biologically important dideoxy-sugar derivatives. 

Other potentially important biological species that may react with arsenicals are thio-sugars. We found that these reacted with PDA and readily formed 2 1 complexes ... 

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