The Origins of Species

When I began work in London thirty years after the publication of the Origin of species , the classification of the Echinoderma was still untouched by an evolutionist Davidson had just left the Brachiopoda in an order admiral no doubt, but still on the old lines as for Cephalopoda, Hyatt, the younger Buckman, and a few Continental workers were beginning to appal the collectors of ammonites, but the general arrangement of the class held out for some time to come... 

These initial reports demonstrated that a catalytic asymmetric variant of the Simmons-Smith reaction could be developed. Although good yields and selectivities were obtained, the lack of a clear understanding of the origin of activation, the limited structural information on the active species and the absence of a stereochemical model made rational improvements difficult at best. The next... 

Most students do not possess the same motivation to work to develop their understanding that early scientists had. The painstaking and tenacious search through alternative points of view which led Darwin to the publication of his The Origin of Species may not be a charaeteristic of many students of any period (p. 138). 

Darwin C (1859) On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. John Murray, London... 

If one monitors the rate of disappearance of the original reactant species the general differential and integral approaches outlined in Section 3.3 may be used to determine the rate expression for the initial reaction in the sequence. Once this expression is known one of several other methods for determining either absolute or relative values of the rate constants for subsequent reactions may be used. 

T]he Origin of Species proposed a radically new idea, conceiving of time not as a power but as a factor whose effect could be perceived directly in distinct but complementary forms fossils, embryos, and rudimentary organs. The fossil was petrified time the embryo, operative time the rudimentary organ, retarded time. Together these bits of evidence constituted the archives of biological history —... 

Darwin, C. R. ([1859] 1968), On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, 1st Edn, J. W. Burrow (Ed.), Penguin Classics, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, UK. 

Dobzhansky, T. (1937), Genetics and the Origin of Species, Columbia University Press, New York. 

At around this time, there was much scientific debate about the theory of the origin of species proposed by Charles Darwin (1809-1882), a theory which was to change the world. Darwin himself was very cautious about making statements on biogenesis. It was still too early to answer such questions, because neither results from the science of cell biology nor an extensive knowledge of our planet, the solar system and the cosmos were available. 

Burrow, J.W. (1968). Introduction to Charles Darwin s The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Penguin Books, London (1st ed. 1859). 

Darwin C (1872) The Origin of Species. New York Earlton House... 

Evolution by natural selection was first explained by Charles Darwin in his book On ttie Origin of Species (1859). Briefly stated, the theory suggests that evolution occurs through heritable propagation of adaptive traits. Nature produces a large variation in the traits of organisms. Those traits that are in some way adaptive, increasing the survival and... 

Darwin C. (1859). On the Origin of Species. Reprinted by Washington Square. New York New York University Press, 1988. 

For a molecular ion with charge number Q a transformation between isotopic variants becomes complicated in that the g factors are related directly to the electric dipolar moment and irreducible quantities for only one particular isotopic variant taken as standard for this species these factors become partitioned into contributions for atomic centres A and B separately. For another isotopic variant the same parameters independent of mass are still applicable, but an extra term must be taken into account to obtain the g factor and electric dipolar moment of that variant [19]. The effective atomic mass of each isotopic variant other than that taken as standard includes another term [19]. In this way the relations between rotational and vibrational g factors and and its derivative, equations (9) and (10), are maintained as for neutral molecules. Apart from the qualification mentioned below, each of these formulae applies individually to each particular isotopic variant, but, because the electric dipolar moment, referred to the centre of molecular mass of each variant, varies from one cationic variant to another because the dipolar moment depends upon the origin of coordinates, the coefficients in the radial function apply rigorously to only the standard isotopic species for any isotopic variant the extra term is required to yield the correct value of either g factor from the value for that standard species [19]. 

In a number of species, the active predator odors originate on the dorsal skin. Neonate pygmy rattlesnakes, Sistrurus miliarius, and timber rattlesnakes, C. horridus, respond to dorsal skin chemicals of the ophiophagous king snakes and indigo snakes, Drymarchon corais, but not to those from ventral skin or skin... 

The younger students of natural science of to-day are beginning to forget what their fathers told them of the fierce battle which had to be fought, before the upholders of the Darwinian theory of the origin of species were able to convince those for whom the older view, that species are, and always have been, absolutely distinct, had become a matter of supreme scientific, and even ethical, importance. 

Darwin, C. (1964) On the Origin of Species A Facsimile of the First Edition (published in 1859), Harvard University Press, Cambridge. 

Modern biochemical research on gene structure and function has brought to biology a revolution comparable to that stimulated by the publication of Darwin s theory on the origin of species nearly 150 years ago. An understanding of how information is stored and used in... 

The cascade theory is probably the oldest branching theory. It was developed by the English chaplain, the Reverend Watson16,181 and the biometrician Galton17,181 in 1873 who were evidently stimulated by Darwin s famous book on The Origin of Species . Nowadays cascade theory is widely used in evolution theory19,201, in actuarial mathematics (birth and death processes), in the physics of cosmic ray showers and in the chemistry of combustion due to branched chain reactions21-241. 

Many genotypes give rise to the same phenotype. In addition, different phenotypes are often not distinguished by selection because they have approximately the same fitness. In cases of neutrality, populations may drift randomly through the set of neutral variants instead of improving fitness through adaptive selection. This fact has been pointed out with remarkable clarity by Charles Darwin in his Origin of Species (Darwin, 1859) ... 

Darwin C 1996 The Origin of Species. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. 

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