Organohalogen compounds, toxic

Hirose A, Takagi A, Nishimura T, Ema M (2004) Review of reproductive and developmentai toxicity induced by organotins in aquatic organisms and experimentai animais. Organohalogen Compounds, 66 3042-3047. 

Hardy ML. 2000b. The toxicity of the commercial polybrominated diphenyl oxide flame retardants DBDPO, OBDPO, PeBDPO. Organohalogen Compounds 47 41-44. 

Note Moderately polar, weakly hydrogen bonding solvent, heavy liquid gradually decomposes to acquire a yellow color, air and light will accelerate this decomposition nonflammable commercial product is often stabilized by the addition of 3 to 4% (mass/mass) alcohols highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption soluble in alcohols, organohalogen compounds, hydrocarbons, benzene, and many oils incompatible with many alkali and alkaline earth metals. Synonyms tribromomethane. 

NagaoT, Golor G, Krowke R, Neubert D (1990), Organohalogen Compounds 1 317-319. Com-parison of cleft palate frequency induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in mice, Eco-Informa Press, Bayreuth Neubert D (1991), Chemosphere 23 1869-1893. Pecularities of the toxicity of polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in animals and man ... 

Holderman TS, Cramer PH (1995), Organohalogen Compounds 24 137-140.. .Updated results of polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofuran testing and reporting under the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) , Eds. Dioxin 95 Secretariat, Edmonton, Kanada ISBN... 

Like other organohalogen compounds such as PCBs and DDT, PBBs and PBDEs are lipophilic, and persistent [2,3]. The high resistance towards acids, bases, heat, light, reduction and oxidation is disadvantageous when these compounds are discharged into the environment, where they persist for a long time. In addition, toxic compounds, polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) and dibenzodioxins (PBDDs), may be formed when these flame retardants are heated [5]. 

Organohalogenated compounds, referred to here as halocarbons, are widely distributed in the environment (1-4). Some industrially produced compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls and DDT [l,l -(2,2,2-tri-chloroethylidene)bis[4-chlorobenzene]] are biologically refractory and toxic pollutants of water and land. Volatile synthetic halocarbons such as chlo-rofluorocarbons (CFCs), a significant component of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, cause depletion of the ozone layer (5). Halogenated compounds also are produced naturally. The widespread occurrence of natural... 

Chu I, Lecavalier P, Valli T, et al. 1998a. Toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in rats. In Johansson N, Bergman A, Broman D, et al., ed. Organohalogen compounds. Akademitryck, Edsbruk Vol. 37,105-107. 

Another important group of industrial chemicals are phthalates. These are used mainly as additives to plastics, but may also have other uses such as solvents for pesticides. They are much less toxic and persistent than many of the organohalogen compounds, but are used in larger quantities. Somewhat related to phthalates are other esters such as adipates and citrates, but they are biodegraded more rapidly because of the absence of the aromatic ring of phthalates. 

The chloride anion is a major species in the oceans and plays an essential role in biochemistry. Compounds containing carbon-chlorine bonds occur much less frequently in nature. Volcanos emit some halocarbons, and marine algae generate chloromethane. Other marine species produce toxic organohalogen molecules that protect them from predators. Nevertheless, organic chlorine compounds are uncommon, and consequently there are few mechanisms that degrade them. 

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