Organic Particulate Analysis

The OPA technique has been applied to isocyanate compounds (160,161), malonic acids (162), metal acetylacetonates (163), and diazonium com-pounds(164). There are also numerous industrial uses of the technique. 

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Method 25 applies to the measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOC) as nonmethane organics (TGNMO), reported as carbon. Organic particulate matter will interfere with the analysis, and, therefore, in some cases, an in-stack particulate filter will be required. The method requires an emission sample to be withdrawn at a con-... 

The relation between ambient levels and precursor emissions is somewhat easier to identify for particulates than for ozone, because the chemical composition of individual particulates provides evidence for their origin sulfate particulates are associated with sulfur dioxide emissions organic particulates with specific VOCs, and so on. A variety of statistical methods have been used to identify source types for particulates based on chemical composition, especially in terms of trace metal components (e.g., Henry, 1992 Seinfeld and Pandis, 1998). This type of analysis requires sophisticated measurements of the chemical composition of individual particulates, rather than the more common measurement of summed concentrations. Statistical methods have also been used to gain information about ozone and ozone precursors (e.g., Buhr et al., 1995 Stehr et al., 2000). 

Hoffmann, D. and E.L. Wynder Chemical analysis and carcinogenic bioassays of organic particulate pollutants in Air pollution, Vol. 2, 2nd Edition, edited by A.C. Stem, Academic Press, New York, NY (1968) 187-247. Hoffmann, D. and E.L. Wynder A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. XL Tumor initiators, tumor accelerators, and tumor promoting activity of condensate fractions Cancer 27 (1971) 848-864. 

Different approaches utilizing multidimensional EC or SEC systems have been reported for the analysis of middle distillates in diesel fuel. A method, based on the EC separation of paraffins and naphthenes by means of a micro-particulate, organic gel column has been described (23, 24). The complete system contained up to four different EC columns, a number of column-switching valves and a dielectric constant detector. However, the EC column for the separation of paraffins and naphthenes, which is an essential part of the system, is no longer commercially available. 

For aerobic degradation, uptake of oxygen or the evolution of carbon dioxide is most widely used. Use of the concentration of dissolved organic carbon may present technical problems when particulate matter is present, though analysis of dissolved inorganic carbon in a closed system has been advocated (Birch and Fletcher 1991), and may simultaneously overcome problems with poorly soluble or volatile compounds. 

Gee and Bruland [953] used 61Ni, 65Cu, and 68Zn in waters collected in San Francisco Bay to trace the kinetics of nickel, copper, and zinc exchange between dissolved and particulate phases. The technique involved an organic ligand sequential extraction followed by analysis with high-resolution ICP-MS. 

Ehrhardt M (1976) Determination of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen. In Grasshoff K (ed) Methods of seawater analysis. Verlag Chemie, New York, pp 215-220... 

Krambeck et al. [40] measured small quantities of particulate carbon in lake waters by an automated furnace combustion infrared procedure. The whole sequence of operations was controlled with the aid of an AIM65 desktop computer. The system was successfully operated for routine analysis of samples of lake water with particulate organic carbon values of 100-300ug L 1 carbon a single analysis takes 8min. The relative standard deviation was about 1%. 

A method for rapid organic C and N analysis in natural particulate materials consists of eliminating carbonates with HC1 solution and determining these elements in an automatic analyzer7. 

Nieuwenhuize,)., Y.E.M. Maas, and J.J. Middleburg. 1994. Rapid analysis of organic carbon and nitrogen in particulate materials. Marine Chemistry 45(3) 217-224. 

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