Organic light-emitting devices electrophosphorescent

M.A. Baldo, S. Lamansky, P.E. Burrows, M.E. Thompson, and S.R. Forrest, Very high-effi-ciency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence, Appl. Phys. Lett., 75 4-6 (1999). 

M Pfeiffer, SR Forrest, K Leo, and ME Thompson, Electrophosphorescent p-i-n organic light-emitting devices for very-high-efficiency flat-panel displays, Adv. Mater., 14 1633-1636, 2002. 

Adachi. C. Thompson. M. E. Forrest. S. R. (2002). Architectures for Efficient Electrophosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Devices. IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 8, no. 2,372-7. 

Baldo M A, Adachi C and Forrest S. R., Transient analysis of triplet-triplet annihilation Transient analysis of organic electrophosphorescence., Phys. Rev. B 62 (2000)10%7 Baldo M A, Lamansky S, Burrows P E, Thompson M E, and ForresS R t. Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electro phosphorescence, Appl. Phys. Lett, 75 (1999) 4-6... 

D Andrade B.W., Brooks J., Adamovich V., Thompson M.E., Forrest S.R., "White Light Emission Using Triplet Excimers in Electrophosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Devices" Advanced Materials, 14,15, August 2002, (1032-1036). 

Zhou, T.X., Ngo, T., Brown, J.J., Shtein, M., and Forrest, S.R., Stable and efficient electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting devices grown by organic vapor phase deposition. Applied Physics Letters, 2005. 86 021107. 

Adaehi, Chihay Thompson, Mark E. and Forrest, Stephen R. Architectures for efficient electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting devices. IEEE J. on Selected Topics in Quemtum Electronics, 2002 8 372-7. 

B.W. D Andrade, R.J. Holmes, and S.R. Forrest, Efficient organic electrophosphorescent white-light-emitting device with a triple doped emissive layer, Adv. Mater., 16 624—628 (2004). 

D Andrade B W, Holmes R J and Forrest S R, Efficient Organic Electrophosphorescent White-Light-Emitting Device with a Triple Doped Emissive Layer Advanced Materials, 16, 7, (April, 2004), 624-628... 

Organic Light-Emitting Materials and Electrophosphorescent Devices... 

There is no reason why the same principle cannot be applied for light-emitting polymers as host materials to pave a way to high-efficiency solution-processible LEDs. In fact, polymer-based electrophosphorescent LEDs (PPLEDs) based on polymer fluorescent hosts and lanthanide organic complexes have been reported only a year after the phosphorescent OLED was reported [8]. In spite of a relatively limited research activity in PPLEDs, as compared with phosphorescent OLEDs, it is hoped that 100% internal quantum efficiency can also be achieved for polymer LEDs. In this chapter, we will give a brief description of the photophysics beyond the operation of electrophosphorescent devices, followed by the examples of the materials, devices, and processes, experimentally studied in the field till the beginning of 2005. 

In 1998, Baldo et al. [15] showed that the efficiency of organic LEDs can be improved by using phosphorescent dyes. In their device, the phosphorescent oactaethyl-porphine platinum (PtEOP) dye was doped into an appropriate small molecule host at a low concentration. This electrophosphorescent device emitted red light with an external quantum efficiency of 4%. 

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