Organic compounds classes, definitions

The term lipids is defined as those organic compounds that are insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (e.g., chloroform, ether), contain hydrocarbon groups as primary parts of the molecule, and are present in or derived from living organisms. Compound classes covered in this definition include fatty acids (FA), acylglycerols, FA esters (e.g., waxes), and isoprenoid hydrocarbons. Other compounds also included are often considered as belonging to different classes, such as carotenoids, sterols, and the vitamins A, D, E, and K. 

Most compounds in which carbon is the key element are classified as organic. Common examples of organic compounds include degreasing solvents, lubricants, and heating and motor fuels. This subsection highlights some of the more common characteristics of organics as they relate to hazards. Various relevant classes of organics are presented in terms of chemical behavior and physical properties. In order to facilitate the discussion to follow, a few basic definitions will be presented first. 

Sweetness is a quality that defies definition, but whose complexity can be appreciated merely by examining the molecular structures of those compounds that elicit the sensation. They come in all molecular shapes and sizes, and they belong to such seemingly unrelated classes of compounds as aliphatic and aromatic organic compounds, amino acids, peptides and proteins, carbohydrates, complex glycosides, and even certain inorganic salts. 

The melting points (more accurately termed the decomposition points) of sugars and some of their derivatives, e.g. osazones, are not so definite as those of other classes of organic compounds they vary with the rate of heating and the differences between individual members are not always large. There are, however, a number of reactions and derivatives which will assist in the characterisation of the simple sugars. 

Give a definition and an example for each class of organic compounds. ... 

The term enaminone is given and defined by Greenhill1 as a monoenamine of a 1,3-diketone or 3-ketoester. Because of their special chemical properties enaminones represent a class of organic compounds in its own right . In our opinion enamines from 3-ketonitriles exhibiting a similar reactivity may also be included in this definition. 

Humic substances are those organic compounds found in the environment that cannot be classified as any other chemical class of compounds (e.g., polysaccharides, proteins, etc.). They are traditionally defined according to their solubilities. Fulvic acids are those organic materials that are soluble in water at all pH values. Humic acids are those materials that are insoluble at acidic pH values (pH < 2) but are soluble at higher pH values. Humin is the fraction of natural organic materials that is insoluble in water at all pH values. These definitions reflect the traditional methods for separating the different fractions from the original mixture. 

Lipids can be defined as all the substances produced by organisms that are effectively insoluble in water but extractable by solvents that dissolve fats (e.g. chloroform, hexane, toluene and acetone). This broad definition is suitable for our purposes and encompasses a wide variety of compound classes, including photosynthetic... 

Bollard and Butler (1966) in their discussion of functional elements include several others in addition to the above four. They state that fluorine, iodine, and selenium fall in this class for in some plant species they are metabolized, forming definite organic compounds. Bromine, rubidium, and strontium are also placed in this class because they exert a sparing effect on the utilization of chloride, potassium and calcium. Cobalt may perform that same function. They state further that our knowledge of the beneficial effects produced by aluminum, beryllium, and barium are not as yet adequate to justify including these in the group of functional elements. Further research will probably add other elements to this group. 

OSHA considers Lead to mean metallie lead, all inorganic lead compounds (lead oxides and lead salts), and a class of organic compounds called soaps all other lead compounds are excluded from this definition. The OSEIA PEL (8-hour TWA) is 0.050 mg/m other OSHA requirements can be found in 29 CFR 1910.1025. The OSEIA PEL (8 hour-TWA) for lead in non-ferrous foundries with less than 20 employees is 0.075 mg/m. ... 

Amines are a class of organic compounds that contain the functional group —NH2. Thus the structure of an amine is R—NH2, where R, in the case of an aliphatic amine, is an alkyl group or for aromatic amines is an aryl group. Also, R may be an alkene or alkyne group attached to the nitrogen atom of the amine. In a broad definition, compounds containing the structure R—NH—R ... 

---