Organic chemistry straight-chain

Over the years, many people contributed to the development of the field of organic chemistry. To better understand how this science provides so many useful items for our daily use, it is necessary to be familiar with some of the nomenclature of organic chemistry. There are two basic types of hydrocarbon substances, namely, aliphatic and aromatic. There are three basic types of aliphatic hydrocarbon molecules defined by the number of bonds involved in straight linear-chained molecules. If the basic structure of a hydrocarbon molecule is a ring instead of a straight chain, they are known as aromatic hydrocarbons, typified by the benzene ring. 

ALIPHATIC COMPOUND. An organic compound that can be regarded as a derivative of methane. CH4. Most aliphatic compounds are open carbon chains, straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated. Originally, the term was used to denote the higher (fatty) adds of the C H Oj series. The word is derived from the Greek term for oil, See also Compound (Chemical) and Organic Chemistry. 

You ve seen that both a straight-chain and a branched-chain alkane can have the same molecular formula. This fact illustrates a basic principle of organic chemistry the order and arrangement of atoms in an organic molecule determine its identity. Therefore, the name of an organic compound also must describe the molecular structure of the compound accurately. 

The nomenclature of organic chemistry derives from the names of straight-chain hydrocarbons, the most important of which are given in Table S2.2. To name a hydrocarbon ... 

The use of the symbol R (R = simple alkyl or aryl) in carbophosphorus (organophosphorus) chemistry should always be treated with some reserve, particularly by those who are not organic chemists . Not infrequently R represents only a limited number of cases for which the quoted reaction has been demonstrated. In modern times, quite new reactions have in some cases been observed, when R represents a very bulky or a strongly electron-withdrawing group, as opposed to a simple straight chain or aromatic hydrocarbon. 

Discussed in textbooks on organic chemistry. It should be mentioned that although the fact that branched-chain hydrocarbons are more stable than straight chains has been recognized for almost 100 years, the reason why this is so is still under discussion. See (a) M. D. Wodrich, C. S. Wannere, Y. Mo., P. D. Jarowski, K. N. Honk, and P. v. R. Schleyer, Chem. Eur. J., 13, 7731 (2007) (b) S. Gronert, Chem. Eur. J., 15, 5372 (2009). 

Fig. 21-6 Structure of a tRNA molecule, (a) Two-dimensional, flattened schematic representation. Hydrogen-bonded base pairs are indicated by dashed lines. The nucleotides which are not specifically identified are modified analogs of A, U, C, or G. (b) Three-dimensional structure. Hydrogen-bonded base pairs are represented by the straight bars that connect portions of tRNA chain. (After J. McMurry and M. E. CastelUon, Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1992.)...

Aliphatic framework molecules most common in organic acids include alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons) and alkenes (unsaturated hydrocarbons). These saturated and unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids may be acyclic (straight or branched chains) or alicyclic (aliphatic rings). Acyclic aliphatic monocarboxylic acids are also referred to as fatty acids (Table 1). The first five saturated acids (formic to valeric) of this type are sometimes referred to as short-chain, low-molecular-weight, or volatile fatty acids. Although a nomenclature for these acids has been established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC), the convention of using the trivial names for the first five saturated acids has remained. Similarly, trivial names are used for the aliphatic dicarboxylic acids (Table 2) that are saturated with two to four carbon atoms (C2-C4) and unsaturated with four carbon atoms (C4). Alicyclic carboxylic acids contain one or more saturated or partially unsaturated rings. These acids most commonly occur... 

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