Organic chemistry based

Concept The basic concept is to study cell biological phenomena with an approach originating from organic chemistry. Based on structural information available for a given biological phenomenon unsolved chemical problems are identified and new synthetic pathways and methods are developed. This new chemistry then is used to synthesize tools for subsequent biological investigations. If... 

Most chemists were more comfortable with speculations about movements of atoms than with flows of aether squirts. In particular, the idea of hydrogen atom mobility was to become a leading theme in late-nineteenth-century organic chemistry, based in the work of Williamson at midcentury. Williamson s investigations of etherification led him to a theory of the water "type" as well as to experimental proof that water is H20, not HO. Williamson clearly expressed the idea of chemical equilibrium as a balance between two sets of molecules in which some atoms or (uncharged) radicals may exist freely for short periods of time.43 In addition to its uncontestable central role in the "quiet revolution" of the 1850s,44 this was a paper that inspired both chemists and physicists to think about the "degree and kind of motion"45 of atoms within the molecule as well as the motion of the molecule as a whole. 

While relative acidities are extremely important to our abilities to accurately predict the mechanistic courses of organic reactions, we must recognize that in addition to acids, most heterolytic reactions involve bases as well. Furthermore, as will soon be discussed, in organic chemistry, bases generally are able to function as nucleophiles. Therefore, this chapter will serve as an introduction to the types of bases and nucleophiles that drive mechanistic organic chemistry. 

Meier, Mark S., Jennifer L. Muzyka, Herbert Meislich, Howard Nechamkin, Jacob Sharefkin, and ebrary Inc. Organic Chemistry Based on Schaum s Outline of Organic Chemistry. Schaum s Easy Outlines. New York McGraw-Hill, 2000. 

Selected topics of organic chemistry based on the Nenitcescu reaction 03MI1... 

Photoinduced electron transfer is an area cimently experiencing very lively development. While several mechanistie generalizations are still to be proved or further substantiated, new prepa-ratively appealing processes are beginning to arise. The future will show whether this area will indeed contribute new perspectives of general interest to the area of organic chemistry based on the still little explored chemistry of ion radicals. 

This reaction (Equation 3.3), which occurs at 250—300 °C with almost total yield (187), might find renewed interest in the future to convert bioethanol produced by fermentation into bioethylene (375,376) in the frame of a new industrial organic chemistry based on renewables. Ethanol dehydration has also been used recently as a test reaction for the investigation of the surface properties of aluminas (187,377—379). At low conversions, ethanol can be converted into diethylether with high selectivitiy. IR spectra show that ethanol adsorbs in the form of ethoxy groups, which are formed either by dissociation on Lewis acid—base pairs or by substitution of hydroxyl groups (187). 

A bond is a pair of electrons shared by the two atoms it holds together. There are many types of chemical bonds including hydrogen, ionic and covalent bonds. In organic chemistry (based on the element carbon) we deal mainly with covalent bonds, which may occur as single, double or triple bonds. 

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