Organic catalysts photochemistry

Optical rotation, enantiomers, 281 Organic catalysts, 323, 347 crystal morphology, 348 hydrohalogenation, 347 Michael reactions, 350 photochemistry, 348 solid-state reactions, 349 see also specific reactions Organic halides, Grignard reagents, 187, 354 Organocopper chemistry, 199, 208, 292,... 

Purely organic catalysts (Continued) electrochemistry, 342 hydrogen-bonded associates, 328 phase-transfer reactions, 333 photochemistry, 341 polymerization, 332... 

Karge, H., and Weitkamp, J., eds. (1989). Zeolites as Catalysts, Sorbents and Detergent Builders, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, Vol. 46, Elsevier Science Pub., Amsterdam. Ramamurthy, V., ed. (1991). Photochemistry in Organized and Constrained Media, VCH Publishers, New York. 

Among the simple "inorganic" catalysts employed in photochemistry of organic substrates Cu(I) salts are the most important and most extensively investigated. Cu(II) is not effective in reactions of unfunctionalized olefins, since it does not form complexes with C=C bonds and in cases Cu(II) salts have been added as catalysts these are reduced in situ to Cu(I). 

The foregoing discussions have regarded micelles as a chemical species, whereas many reports have been based on a pseudophase model and on the partition of reactants between the micellar phase and the intermicellar bulk phase. Recently, however, the failure of the pseudophase model has been demonstrated even for studies of micellar catalysts. Fendler and Fendler summarized data on the reaction rates for a wide variety of micellar systems on the basis of the studies performed up to 1975. During the past 15 years, the focus of interest has shifted from organic reactions to photochemistry in micellar systems (Chapter 12). Nevertheless, the effects of counterions and of nonmicellar aggregates of hydrophobic ion on micellar catalysis remain highly instructive as do those on micelle and submicelle formation. 

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