Oral bioavailability gender

Individual variations such as gender, race, age, and disease state affect oral bioavailability. 

Drug Discovery Today 7 25-27 Li AP (2004) In vitro approaches to evaluate ADMET drug properties. Curr Top Med Chem 4 701-706 Li W, Escarpe PA, Eisenberg EJ et al. (1998) Identification of GS 4104 as an orally bioavailable prodrug of the influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor GS 4071. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 42 647-653 Los LE, Welsh DA, Herold EG et al. (1996) Gender differences in toxicokinetics, liver metabolism, and plasma esterase activity observations from a chronic (27-week) toxicity study of enalapril/diltiazem combinations in rats. Drug Metab Dispos 24 28-33... 

Sowinski KM, Abel SR, Clark WR, Mueller BA Effect of gender on relative oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin when administered with an enteral feeding product. Pharmaco erapy ( 99T) 17,1112. 

A classic method of demonstrating enantioselective first-pass metabolism is to administer the racemic drug orally and i.v. in a crossover study and then evaluate the PK of each enantiomer using a stereospecific assay. Stereoselective first-pass metabolism is indicated by significantly different absolute bioavailabilities of the enantiomers. This approach was used to establish low enantioselective first-pass metabolism of ketoprofen [56] and high enantioselectivity of propranolol [38,42] and verapamil [44,45,53]. Enantioselective metabolism of propranolol and verapamil has been studied extensively and found to be influenced by age and gender [40,50]. With verapamil, changes in plasma enantiomeric ratios after administration... 

---