Optimum output coupling

The analysis uses the optimum output coupling values / = to determined ejqterimentally with the tuning curves and the estimate of the single-frequency cavity chssipative losses a = 2.5% for the ring laser of Fig. 10. Differentiating Eq. (9) with respect to t to find the output minor transmission that maximizes the output power gives... 

Fig-5,. 23. Optimum output coupling as a function of Gg/Gthr for several values of the losses y. 

For optimum performance of a laser it is essential that any intemaT losses, i.e. unwanted losses other than the desired output coupling loss, are minimized. The following important factors contribute to losses within the optical resonator of a laser ... 

An extruder is coupled to a die, the output of which is given by (KP/ij) where P is the pressure drop across the die, i] is the visco.sity of the plastic and is a constant. What are the optimum values of screw helix angle and channel depth to give maximum output from the extruder. 

Hirschfeld, in his article on coupled techniques, defined, a hyphenated instrument as one in which both instruments are automated together as a single integrated unit via a hardware interface. . . whose function is to reconcile the often extremely contradictory output limitations of one instrument and the input limitation of the other (22). Therefore, the key to combining SFE with chromatographic techniques is the interface which should allow the optimum and independent usage of each instrument while the couple still operate as an integrated unit (23). 

This shows a measure for the efficiency gain in linear mode operation. The efficiency in linear modes depends on only q (Eq. (11.149)), while the efficiency in nonlinear modes depends on input force X0 besides q. In nonlinear regions, the efficiency decreases at high values of input force, and the force ratio at optimum operation xoptnl is shifted towards the level flow where x = 0. In oxidative phosphorylation, the input force is the redox potential of the oxidizable substrates and the output force is the phosphate potential. If these two forces are balanced, the system operates close to reversible equilibrium. Experiments show that in mitochondria, q < 1, and the input force is well above 50RT. For a fully coupled system in the nonlinear region of a single force, the phosphate potential Xp would be very small. However, a dissipative structure can only be maintained with a considerable Xp. On the other hand, in the linear mode of operation, optimum force ratio xopt does not depend on the input force (Eq. (11.163)). 

For manipulative work, the optimum is about 50 mm (2 in.) below the elbow. Output does not decrease more than a couple of percent within a range from 125 mm (5 in.) below to 25 mm (1 in.) above the elbow beyond this, the penalty is greater. If a downward force is required (polishing, sanding), the optimum is probably with the lower arm at a 45° angle. 

Gain medium symbol Mcdecular weight (amn) Common name Peak output Ad max (nm) (W) WTTWp (10 cm ) Optimum coupling to (%) Gain koL (%) h (MW/cm ) Pmnp laser f in(W) A ... 

The gain values computed from Eq. (21) are listed in Table la for all the dyes (except IR 140, where lasing was too close to threshold to determine an optimum coupling). The output power with this optimum coupling is... 

Fig. 9. The characteristic functions of the non-linear energy converters. P is the output power, r is the efficacy, is the dissipation and E is the ecologic function (the difference between the output power and the dissipation), q is the coupling parameter, and m is the power of the universal Euler s function in (297). These functions are not given on a common scale, they are on certain self-scales to show their behavior near the optimum state.

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