Optical properties ruby laser

Very broadly speaking, two situations have to be considered in explaining devices such as those we have mentioned. In the first, which is relevant to the ruby laser and to phosphors for fluorescent lights, the light is emitted by an impurity ion in a host lattice. We are concerned here with what is essentially an atomic spectrum modified by the lattice. In the second case, which applies to LEDs and the gallium arsenide laser, the optical properties of the delocalised electrons in the bulk solid are important. 

The first optical laser, the ruby laser, was built in 1960 by Theodore Maiman. Since that time lasers have had a profound impact on many areas of science and indeed on our everyday lives. The monochromaticity, coherence, high-intensity, and widely variable pulse-duration properties of lasers have led to dramatic improvements in optical measurements of all kinds and have proven especially valuable in spectroscopic studies in chemistry and physics. Because of their robustness and high power outputs, solid-state lasers are the workhorse devices in most of these applications, either as primary sources or, via nonlinear crystals or dye media, as frequency-shifted sources. In this experiment the 1064-mn near-infrared output from a solid-state Nd YAG laser will be frequency doubled to 532 nm to serve as a fast optical pump of a raby crystal. Ruby consists of a dilute solution of chromium 3 ions in a sapphire (AI2O3) lattice and is representative of many metal ion-doped solids that are useful as solid-state lasers, phosphors, and other luminescing materials. The radiative and nonradiative relaxation processes in such systems are important in determining their emission efficiencies, and these decay paths for the electronically excited Cr ion will be examined in this experiment. 

Doping, which involves the intentional incorporation of atoms or ions of suitable elements into host lattices, is one of the effective routes to endow electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of many functional materials. An excellent example is the ruby solid-state laser where the Cr -doped AI2O3 crystal is used as the gain medium. It is now generally anticipated that the performances of the bulk materials are more or less different to those of the same materials in... 

In May 1960, Maiman made a seminal development toward the progression of NLO he generated the first ruby light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser). From then on, changes of optical properties of material by strong irradiation fields have been demonstrated by many experiments. 

There is another way of measuring of an optical transition which is not based on a coherent optical effect but also employs a coherence property of the laser, namely, its monochromaticity. In the hole-burning technique, as in the OFID method, a cw dye laser is used to create a hole in the absorption spectrum. When this hole is transient, its width, being determined in the low-intensity limit by 2( 7 ) , may be probed by side-band modulation as first demonstrated by Szabo on ruby. When the hole is permanent, as is the case in photochemical hole-burning, the width may be easily measured by means of a narrow-band excitation spectrum as first performed by de Vries and Wiersma on dimethyl j-tetrazine in durene. ... 

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