Optical properties reflection

Reflectance. The optical properties (reflectance) are not in accord with the chemical properties for these coal samples, and the maximum reflectance of the coals indicates that they are higher in rank than would be concluded from the chemical data alone. These discrepancies are not surprising since these coals are thermally metamorphosed and may not follow the normal coalifica-tion curve (8). For the subject samples, it was decided that chemical data did not suitably indicate rank or the degree of thermal metamorphism, particularly in those instances where the samples contained so much ash that they were not suitable for routine chemical tests. The maximum reflectance in oil of these coals ranges from 2.6% to 11.5% (Table I). The lower reflectance is similar to that encountered in some semianthracites and anthracites, whereas the upper reflectance is more nearly that of graphite or long term, high tern-... 

As shown in Fig. 9, the stress relaxation curves of all AEC/AA solutions collapse into one curve when the solutions were presheared with the same rate. Because the stress relaxation is at the molecular level and the chiro-optical properties reflect the suprastructural level, it is expected that the lyotropic solutions with different chiro-optical properties have the same stress relaxation behavior in both the tumbling and flow-align regions. 

Finally, it should be mentioned that anodising to a depth of a few micrometers helps to preserve optical properties, reflectance, and the decorative features of such products as luxury packaging for cosmetics and decorative panels for buildings. 

The preparation of the reflecting silver layers for MBI deserves special attention, since it affects the optical properties of the mirrors. Another important issue is the optical phase change [ ] at the mica/silver interface, which is responsible for a wavelength-dependent shift of all FECOs. The phase change is a fimction of silver layer thickness, T, especially for T < 40 mn [54]. The roughness of the silver layers can also have an effect on the resolution of the distance measurement [59, 60]. 

Optical Properties. Brightness, or visual whiteness of paper, can be defined as the degree to which light is reflected uniformly over the visible spectmm. Since pulp and typical impurities tend to be yellowish, blue dye is sometimes added in addition to appropriate fillers. The percentage reflectance is usually measured in the blue end of the spectmm at or near 457 nm (14). 

Optical Properties. The index of refraction and extinction coefficient of vacuum-deposited aluminum films have been reported (8,9) as have the total reflectance at various wavelengths and emissivity at various temperatures (10). Emissivity increases significantly as the thickness of the oxide film on aluminum increases and can be 70—80% for oxide films of 100 nm. 

Optical Properties. When light falls on an object, it is either partially absorbed, reflected, or transmitted. The behavior of the object as it relates to each of these three possibiUties determines visual appearance. Optical properties of fibers give useful information about the fiber stmcture refractive indexes correlate well with fiber crystalline and molecular orientation and birefringence gives a measure of the degree of anisotropy of the fiber. 

Optical Properties. The index of refraction of a deposited material is sensitive to the film density. A lower index of refraction is found at less than bulk densities. The reflectance of a metallic surface is affected by the growth morphology of the film. 

Difference in optical properties can be used as the basis to separate solids in a mixture. Optic properties include color, light reflectance, opacity, and fluorescence excited by ultraviolet rays or x-rays. Differences in elec trical conductance can also be used for separation. With appropriate sensing, the particles in a moving stream can be sorted by using an air jet or other means to deflect certain particles away from the mainstream (Fig. 19-10). The lower limit of particle size is about... 

It should be noted that low-loss spectra are basically connected to optical properties of materials. This is because for small scattering angles the energy-differential cross-section dfj/dF, in other words the intensity of the EEL spectrum measured, is directly proportional to Im -l/ (E,q) [2.171]. Here e = ei + iez is the complex dielectric function, E the energy loss, and q the momentum vector. Owing to the comparison to optics (jqj = 0) the above quoted proportionality is fulfilled if the spectrum has been recorded with a reasonably small collection aperture. When Im -l/ is gathered its real part can be determined, by the Kramers-Kronig transformation, and subsequently such optical quantities as refraction index, absorption coefficient, and reflectivity. 

Black smoke (BS) is a particulate measure that typically contains at least 50% respirable particulates smaller than 4.5 mm in aerodynamic diameter, sampled by the British smokeshade (BS) method. The reflectance of light is measured by the darkness of the stain caused by particulates on a white filter paper. The result of BS sampling depends on the density of the stain and the optical properties of the particulates. Because the method is based on reflectance from elemental carbon, its use is recommended in areas where coal smoke from domestic fires is the dominant component of ambient particulates. 

We have determined the optical properties as a function of temperature by measuring the reflectivity / (co) of the oriented CNT films from the far infrared (FIR) up to the ultra-violet (UV) (i.e., from 20 cm" up to 3x10 cm" ), using three spectrometers with overlapping frequency ranges [12, 13],... 

Optoelectronics is a discipline which combines optics and electronics. It deals with optical wavelengths from 0.20 im (ultraviolet) to 3 im (near infrared) as shown in Fig. 15.1. The properties of optoelectronic materials are a useful combination of electrical and semiconductor properties (electron action), with optical properties such as transmission, reflection, and absorption (phonon action). 

Reflectance. The optical property of reflectance is the ratio of reflected flux of light to the incident flux. Unless otherwise specified, the total reflectance is meant, which includes specular and diffuse reflectance. 

In terms of their optical properties, all solids fall into one of two classes. Either they are transparent to light (here we are restricting the term "light" to visible radiation) or they are opaque. In the latter case, all of the radiation may be reflected. However, most solids reflect some wavelengths and absorb others. This is the condition that we call "color". If all visible wavelengths are absorbed, the solid is said to be "black" while reflectance of all visible wavelengths results in a "white" solid. We intend to show how "color" is measured but first must define the nature of "light". 

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