Opiates definition

The cause of pruritus is unknown, although several mechanisms have been proposed. Vitamin A is known to accumulate in the skin and serum of patients with CKD, but a definite correlation with pruritus has not been established. Histamine may also play a role in the development of pruritus, which may be linked to mast cell proliferation in patients receiving hemodialysis. Hyperparathyroidism has also been suggested as a contributor to pruritus, despite the fact that serum PTH levels do not correlate with itching. Accumulation of divalent ions, specifically magnesium and aluminum, may also play a role in pruritus in patients with CKD. Other theories that have been proposed include inadequate dialysis, dry skin, peripheral neuropathy, and opiate accumulation.43... 

There are a number of reasons for this. For example, in many of the solvent systems which are used, compounds are often not completely resolved, as exemplified by the data presented in Table 5.2. Furthermore, neither potassium iodoplatinate or Dragendorff s reagent are specific to opiates. It is therefore necessary to employ a more definitive technique. 

After a short while, I was no longer thinking of this issue, but I noticed that I was feeling kind of flat. No pain, and kind of pleasant, but without the ecstatic birthing of the universe feeling that I had experienced earlier. I wondered if the journey had ended, but I definitely felt I was still in an altered state, just without any sense of wonder or aliveness. I then remembered my request and realized that I was experiencing the pain-less but joy-less experience of opiates. 

The lack of selective muscarinic receptor ligands has for a long time limited the definition of therapeutic treatment based on muscarinic receptors as targets. Some muscarinic ligands such as cev-imeline or xanomeline have been developed for the treatment of AD and other CNS disorders. Some muscarinic agonists (vedaclidine) have analgesic effects comparable to those produced by morphine or opiates [194],... 

Definition A drug psychosis, drug dependence, non-dependent drug abuse and accidental poisoning caused by use of opiates, cocaine, stimulants, cannabis or hallucinogens. 

Lipid metabolism. Although a model has been provided to explain the acute and chronic actions resulting from opiate treatment, it is not currently possible to identify precisely the molecular site(s) of opiate-Ca + interactions. Clearly the most obvious sites of action are those where Ca + metabolism has been reported to be modified by opiates e.g. Ca + binding. Also, there is as yet no definite evidence as to which mechanisms modulate the switch from acute effects to tolerance development. 

Evidence does not exclude the participation of psychogenic factors in the modification of the opiate abstinence syndrome (6). The reaction of the subject to his discomfort and to the meaning of withdrawal of drugs certainly contributes to the total picture of abstinence. Addicts with the same degree of physical habit react to the discomfort of withdrawal with widely different degrees of mental intensity. The hypothesis that withdrawal symptoms are entirely psychic is not tenable in view of the definite abstinence syndromes which have been produced in various lower animals and in view of the work of Wilder with chronic spinal and decorticated dogs. Wikler s results indicate that some components of physical dependence still develop under conditions where they can have no symbolic significance for the animal. These components are definitely nonmental (noncerebral). 

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