Operation elasticity

The combination of both operators, elastance and conductance, is not indicated on the Formal Graph as it was done for a pole (see case study All in Chapter 4) because it does not correspond to the usual practice for a set of several reactions as is the case here. On the contrary, at the level of a single pole, it is customary in chemistry to relate directly the substance amount of a species / to the substance flow (or reaction rate) through a proportionality factor called rate constant or specific rate of reaction k,. 

The spring configuration and material of construction should be selected so as to maximize the strain energy storage capacity per unit mass without exceeding stress levels consistent with reliable, long life operation. Elastic. strain energy must be computed relative to a... 

Most extmded latex fibers are double covered with hard yams in order to overcome deficiencies of the bare threads such as abrasiveness, color, low power, and lack of dyeabiUty. During covering, the elastic thread is wrapped under stretch which prevents its return to original length when the stretch force is removed thus the fiber operates farther on the stress—strain curve to take advantage of its higher elastic power. Covered mbber fibers are commonly found in narrow fabrics, braids, surgical hosiery, and strip lace. 

For most hydrardic pressure-driven processes (eg, reverse osmosis), dense membranes in hoUow-fiber configuration can be employed only if the internal diameters of the fibers are kept within the order of magnitude of the fiber-wall thickness. The asymmetric hoUow fiber has to have a high elastic modulus to prevent catastrophic coUapse of the filament. The yield-stress CJy of the fiber material, operating under hydrardic pressure, can be related to the fiber coUapse pressure to yield a more reaUstic estimate of plastic coUapse ... 

Foams are thermodynamically unstable. To understand how defoamers operate, the various mechanisms that enable foams to persist must first be examined. There are four main explanations for foam stabiUty (/) surface elasticity (2) viscous drainage retardation effects (J) reduced gas diffusion between bubbles and (4) other thin-film stabilization effects from the iateraction of the opposite surfaces of the films. 

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