Opacity/turbidity

Trubtmgs-grad, m. degree of turbidity, -mes-ser, m. turbidimeter nephelometer opac-imeter. -punkt, m. turbidity point, -stoff, m. substance causing turbidity. 

Prior to the addition of the silica precursor (TEOS), the acidic copolymer solution appears transparent and the SANS data shows that the copolymer forms spherical micelles of size 7.1 nm (figure 1-a). After the addition of TEOS, the solution becomes immediately turbid. Most probably, it is because TEOS is hydrophobic and forms an emulsion droplets under stirring when added to the solution [3], Then, the opacity increases with time (figure 1-b), until a thick white precipitate forms after about 23 minutes (figure 1-c). 

PRECIPITATION, SOLAR ACTIVITY, ATMOSPHERIC TURBIDITY (VULCANIC DUST)AND OPACITY(C02 content)... 

Besides the formation of an elastic network, amylose gelation is also characterized by the development of opacity, which is generally attributed to chain aggregation.197,400 401 For a polydisperse amylose preparation (DP 3080, 2.4% solution, quenched to 32°C), the increase in turbidity slightly preceded the onset of G development.197 Crystallization, as detected by x-ray diffraction (intensity of the 100 diffraction peak),... 

The fact that dissolved mucin produces turbidity with acetic or trichloroacetic acid (G2, S40) has been the basis of other techniques. However, the opacity produced by various mucosubstances at the same concentration differs markedly under similar conditions, and may be caused not only by mucosubstances, but by proteins contained in gastric juice as well, lessening the value of these techniques. This applies to other methods (B35) which measure opacity development upon addition of alcohol to the total filtrate of gastric juice after sulfosalicylic acid precipitation. Here, the acid precipitation partly removes some of the products of mucus digestion, and the method is standardized on submaxillary mucin with physicochemical features different from those of gastric mucin. 

Turbidity methods (measures turbidity (opacity) in suspensions or cultures)... 

To return to the two main different types of soft drinks one is a clear product, with virtually no or only very slight turbidity visible to the consumer the other type is a turbid product with different degrees of turbidity from slight haze to complete opacity. Figure 5.31 visualises the two categories by measuring the FNU value (Formazin Nephelometric Unit). 

Phosphaddylchotine-slerol acyitransferase (EC 2.3.1.43). Plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerols increased. Lysophosphatidylcholine and cholesterol esters decreased. Turbid or milky plasma. Multiple lipoprotein abnormalities. Comeal opacities. Normochromic anemia and proteinuria, due to renal damage. Therapy by enzyme replacement. [The enzyme catalyses formation of cholesterol esters by tranter of an unsaturated fatty acid from position 2 of lecithin to the 3-OH of cholesterol]... 

In general, the terms clarity, haze, turbidity, transparency and so on are habitually used interchangeably, and sometimes without distinction, to describe the optical properties of a prodnct. However, it is important to realise that these various terms and measures are different and can, on some occasions, point in opposite directions. This chapter is focnsed primarily on the opacity measurement as a proxy for optical properties. Furthermore, since haze and clarity are generally observed to be inversely dependent, i.e., high haze yields low (poor) clarity and vice versa, these two terms are used interchangeably. 

Composition of the emulsions was such that formation of coacervate of different rheological properties is expected to take place in continuous phases of emulsions. However, in none of 14 days old emulsions the separated coacervate phase was visible at the bottom of measuring cylinders. Also, the emulsion serums, apart from the serum where concentration of SDS is 0.00%, were clear, where absence of turbidity implies no existence of coacervate nucleation sites [Sovilj, Petrovic 2007]. The opacity of 0.00% SDS emulsion is due to uncreamed, small oil droplets. The above indicates that coacervate is adsorbed at the surface of the creamed oil droplets. 

Traditionally, turbidity or opacity has been used for detecting the cloud-point curve (CPC), which approximated the bimodal of the phase diagram. Evolution of this approach involved application of laser light scattering, which combined with small specimen size and precise temperature control led to the pulse-induced critical scattering (PICS) for spinodal determination. Unfortunately, the method is limited to the size of heterogeneity > 100 nm and the difference in refractive index of the two phases > 0.01. ° i... 

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