Oncogenes overactivation

A tumor suppressor is a protein that helps control cell growth and division. It is like the brakes on a car, trying to slow down a process. Many cancers are related to mutation of tumor suppressors. An oncogene produces something that stimulates growth and division. This is like the accelerator of the car. Many other cancers are caused ultimately by overactivation of an oncogene. 

A fourth mechanism, the strong multiplication of an oncogene (until it occurs a thousand times) in the same strand of DNA, was observed at a more advanced stage of cell transformation. This process has the same effect as one gene overactivated to produce one thousand times the normal value of the protein molecule that is coded by this gene (which is the situation in the second and third mechanisms). 

The overproduction of the protein coded by the overactivated oncogene (by binding to it the LTR) obviously changes so much again the regulation of the cells which leads again to malignant transformation /47/. 

The overactivation of the oncogene means most probably that it is blocked by a protein in a smaller fraction of time, than under normal conditions). In the same way for the transposition of longer DNA sequences (at mechanism 2 of LTR, at mechamism 3 of a whole gene) into another location one has to assume that the DNA-protein interactions of these DNA segments have been weakened in an extent (the DNA segments become deblocked) that the necessary enzymatic reactions could take place. Since the experiments described in ref.-s /4 / and /48/ have been performed with cancer cells and the corresponding normal cells, they do not contain any information for the start of these processes. 

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