Olefins ternary systems

If BuLi r-BuOK and a large excess of cyclopentene are allowed to interact under conditions similar to those used in the case of norbornene (Exp. 7), low to moderate yields of derivatization products are obtained after subsequent reaction with electrophilic reagents. Obviously, cyclopentene is metallated less easily than the strained olefin, and a considerable part of the base is consumed by reaction with THF. If this solvent is omitted, the conversion is very incomplete because of the slight solubility of the base couple in apolar solvents. The system BuLi r-BuOK TMEDA (equimolar amounts) has a good solubility in alkanes and is stable at temperatures up to about 0 °C [22] at higher temperatures TMEDA is attacked. The procedure below shows that cyclopentene can be metallated with satisfactory results using this ternary system. 

UNIFAC modelling results is an effective tool for the prediction and quantifying the effect of the metal-olefin complexation on the separation of the ternary system (1-hexene + n-hexane + [BMIMIINO3]) in the absence and presence of silver salt. 

Sita has also reported synergistic effects between aluminum and zinc alkyls with the hafnium amidinate precatalyst 24/ borate system in polymerization of a-olefins (Scheme 12). In this ternary system, fast polymeryl exchange occurs between Hf and Zn, and Zn and Al, respectively. The Zn species is the primary CTA, but the Al species serves as the primary dormant... 

Catalysts of the Ziegler type have been used widely in the anionic polymerization of 1-olefins, diolefins, and a few polar monomers which can proceed by an anionic mechanism. Polar monomers normally deactivate the system and cannot be copolymerized with olefins. However, it has been found that the living chains from an anionic polymerization can be converted to free radicals in the presence of peroxides to form block polymers with vinyl and acrylic monomers. Vinylpyridines, acrylic esters, acrylonitrile, and styrene are converted to block polymers in good yield. Binary and ternary mixtures of 4-vinylpyridine, acrylonitrile, and styrene, are particularly effective. Peroxides are effective at temperatures well below those normally required for free radical polymerizations. A tentative mechanism for the reaction is given. 

A ternary soft Lewis-acid/hard Bronsted-base/hard Lewis-base catalytic system for the direct catal5rtic enantioselective addition of allyl cyanide 37 to ketones to give tertiary alcohols with a Z-olefin (38) has been developed by Shibasaki (Scheme 2.24). Mechanistic studies revealed that Cu(i)/chiral phosphine ligand 35 and Li(OC6H4-p-OMe) serve as a soft Lewis acid and a hard Bronsted base, respectively, allowing for deprotonative activation of 37 as the rate-determining step. The hard Lewis base, bis(phosphine oxide) 36,... 

Dimethyl sulfoxide is a favored solvent for displacement reactions in synthetic chemistry. The rates of reaction in DMSO are many times faster than in an alcohol or aqueous medium [6]. Dimethyl sulfoxide is the solvent of choice in reactions where proton (hydrogen atom) removal is the rate determining step. Reactions of this type include olefin isomerizations and reactions where an elimination process produces an olefin. Another application that uses DMSO is its use as an extraction solvent to separate olefins from saturated paraffins [7]. Several binary and ternary solvent systems containing DMSO and an amine (e.g., methylamine), sulfur trioxide, carbon disulfide/ amine, or sulfur trioxide/ammonia are used to dissolve cellulose, and act as spinning baths for the production of cellulose fibers [8,9]. Organic fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides are readily soluble in DMSO. Dimethyl sulfoxide is used to remove polymer residues from polymerization reactors. 

Ternary Hydrocarbon Paraffin (C -Paraffin - Olefin (Ci - C3 Paraffin - Naphthene - Olefin (C5 - C7) Miscellaneous Systems with Paraffins, Olefins, Acetylenes... 

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