Of ruthenium compounds

Kistner et al. [109] were the first to observe the Mossbauer effect in Ru. Kistner also reported the Mossbauer spectroscopy study of ruthenium compounds and alloys [110]. 

A series of ruthenium compounds has been obtained by replacing ammonia by ethylenediamine in the complex. These bring ruthenium completely into line with the other metals of the platinum group as far as co-ordination number is concerned. 

The most common oxidation states and the corresponding electronic configuration of ruthenium are +2 (d) and +3 ( ). Compounds are usually octahedral. Compounds in oxidations states from —2 (coordination geometries. Important applications of ruthenium compounds include oxidation of organic compounds and use in dimensionally stable anodes (DSA). 

Derivation Acidic solutions of ruthenium compounds are heated with strong oxidizing agents. 

A partial summary of the results of biological studies performed In collaboration with other laboratories are summarized In Tables II and III. In vitro work on the mutagenic properties of a series of ruthenium compounds has recently been carried out by Yashin, Hlehl and Matthews ( ). Kelman, Edmonds and Feresie have studied the Inhibition of cellular DNA and protein synthesis and were involved In the submission of a number of ruthenium compounds to the NCI for screening in animal tumor systems C ) ... 

The results of the Ames test for mutagenesis Indicate that many ruthenium compounds Introduce serious lesions into cellular genetic material so that an error-prone DNA repair mechanism is Induced. These results are similar to those obtained for clsplatln (M) and suggest that these complexes probably bind directly to nuclear DNA. In concert with this, many of the ruthenium complexes also Inhibit cellular DNA synthesis (H, ), another property also noted for the cls-platlnum drugs. Unfortunately, however, there Is no correlation between either of these studies and the antitumor activity of ruthenium compounds tested In animal systems. 

The above mentioned four kinds of ruthenium compounds can be divided into two groups One is chlorine-containing and another is chlorine-free. Both of them can be used as the precursor of ruthenium in catalysts. 

Heterogeneous ruthenium (Ru)-based catalyst systems have considerable interest for NH3 production, since they operate at lower temperatures and more moderate pressures than the conventionally Fe-systems. In molecular chemistry, the synthesis of the first characterized transition metal—dinitrogen compound [(NH3)sRu(N2)] triggered the development of the field and also led to the preparation of a large number of ruthenium compounds containing nitrogenous N Hy ligands. However, despite... 

M. J. Clarke The Chemistry of Ruthenium Compounds in Potential Anticancer Agents (Proceedings of the Ninth International Precious Metals Conference, Eds. E. E. Zysk and J. A. Bonucci) pp. 369—386 (1986). 

A detailed study of the hydridocarbonylation of ruthenium compounds has now appeared (276a). 

A number of useful quadrupolar isotopes can be envisaged to gain electronic or structural information. Very recently, ruthenium NMR was detected (19,20), and this technique has rapidly proved to be an excellent analytical or structural tool in ruthenium chemistry (21). Figure 20 gives an idea of the actual ruthenium chemical shift scale. A word of caution is necessary to warn the spectroscopist who wants to start ruthenium NMR, as resonates at 11,340 ppm from the ruthenium reference Ru04 Any ruthenium NMR study will then have to avoid potassium salts of ruthenium compounds to free the Ru results from any K " data ... 

Ruthenium has seven stable isotopes, of which Ru and ° Ru are NMR active. Although their natural abundances and resonance frequencies are quite similar the smaller quadrupole moment of ruthenium-99 makes the former more favourable from a NMR spectroscopic point of view. The Ru NMR chemical shift range is enormous (> 18 000 ppm). The shifts of ruthenium compounds and complexes follow roughly the same trends as those of iron and osmium. The reference compound in Ru NMR is the (Ru(CN)6] anion (6 = 0 ppm). Some characteristic Ru NMR chemical shifts are collected in Table 7. 

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