Of guinea pig

Four tested compounds at 10 ° M concentration increased the contraction of guinea pig heart more effectively than amrinone (86JAP(K)1). 

Pyridyl-4-bromo-6-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-g]quinolones and analogues were prepared and tested as potential inotropic agents for treatment of heart failure. For example, the 2-(4-pyridyl) substituted thiazoloquinolone 38 gave a 122% increase in contractility of guinea pig papillary muscle (89EUP1). 

FIGURE 2.18 Inotropic and lusitropic responses of guinea pig left atria to (3-adrenoceptor stimulation. Panels A to C isometric tension waveforms of cardiac contraction (ordinates are mg tension abscissae are msec), (a) Effect of 0.3 nM isoproterenol on the waveform. The wave is shortened due to an increase in the rate of diastolic relaxation, whereas no inotropic response (change in peak tension) is observed at this concentration, (b) A further shortening of waveform duration (lusitropic response) is observed with 3 nM isoproterenol. This is concomitant with positive inotropic response (increase maximal tension), (c) This trend continues with 100 nM isoproterenol, (d) Dose-response curves for ino tropy (filled circles) and lusitropy (open circles) in guinea pig atria for isoproterenol, (e) Dose-response curves for inotropy (filled circles) and lusitropy (open circles) in guinea pig atria for the P-adrenoceptor partial agonist prenalterol. Data redrawn from [6]. 

FIGURE 2.19 Potentiation and modulation of response through control of cellular processes, (a) Potentiation of inotropic response to isoproterenol in guinea pig papillary muscle by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX). Ordinates percent of maximal response to isoproterenol. Abscissa percent receptor occupancy by isoproterenol (log scale). Responses shown in absence (open circles) and presence (filled circles) of IBMX. Data redrawn from [7], (b) Effect of reduction in calcium ion concentration on carbachol contraction of guinea pig ileum. Responses in the presence of 2.5 mM (filled circles) and l.5mM (open circles) calcium ion in physiological media bathing the tissue. Data redrawn from [8],... 

FIGURE 2.21 Effects of desensitization on inotropic responses of guinea pig atria to isoproterenol (panel a) and prenalterol (panel b). Ordinates response as a percent of the maximal reaponse to isoproterenol. Abscissae logarithms of molar concentrations of agonist (log scale). Responses shown after peak response attained (within 5 minutes, filled circles) and after 90 minutes of incubation with the agonist (open triangles). Data redrawn from [6]. 

Contraction of guinea pig parenchyma ( ) Autocrine activation of PLA2 (guinea pig)... 

Figure 3. The log concentration-contractile response curves for maitotoxin (MTX) on the developed tension of guinea pig left atria ( ) and rat ventricle strips (o). Vertical lines indicate the standard error of mean (n=6). (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 14. Copyright 1985 Macmillan)...

Figure 4. Effect of maitotoxin (MTX, 2-6 x 10 g/mL) on the contractile response of guinea pig left (a) and right (b) atria. MTX was administered at the arrow. Numbers above the tracing indicate the times after the application of MTX. The horizontal calibration indicates 4 min for the tracing recorded at a slower sweep speed and 4 sec for that recorded at faster speed. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 20. Copyright 1987 Elsevier)...

Diphtheria (adsorbed) Cultures of C. diphtheriae in liquid medium 1 Separation and concentration of toxin 2 Conversion of toxin to toxoid 3 Adsorption of toxoid to adjuvant 3+3 quantal assay in guinea-pigs using intra-dermal challenge Inoculation of guinea-pigs to exclude residual toxin... 

Tetanus (adsorbed) Cultures of Cl. tetani in liquid medium 1 Conversion of toxin to toxoid 2 Separation and purification of toxoid 3 Adsorption to adjuvant 3 + 3 quantal assay in mice using subcutaneous challenge with tetanus toxin Inoculation of guinea-pigs to exclude presence of untoxoided toxin... 

Diphtheria antitoxin Neutralization of the erythrogenic effect of diphtheria toxin in the skin of guinea-pigs lOOOlUmI" if prepared in horses 5001U mM If prepared in other species... 

Pain and erythema have been reported by study subjects who stuck their hands (Sato and Nakajima 1978) or thumbs in trichloroethylene (Stewart and Dodd 1964). Application of trichloroethylene to the skin of guinea pigs resulted in erythema and edema. 

Jahnsen, H and Llinas, R (1985) Ionic basis for the electroresponsiveness and oscillatory properties of guinea-pig thalamic neurons in vitro. J. Physiol. 349 227-247. 

Hayashi, H., Miyata, H., Watanabe, H., Kobayashi A. and Yamazaki, N. (1989). Effects of hydrogen peroxide on action potentials and intracellular Ca concentration of guinea pig heart. Cardiovasc. Res. 23, 767-773. 

K.A. and Raeburn, D. (1987). Demonstration of the release of an epithelium-derived inhibitory fiictor from a novel preparation of guinea-pig trachea. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 136, 247-250. 

Nair, X. Contractile responses of guinea pig umbilical arteries to various hallucinogenic agents. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 9 535-542, 1974. 

Delta receptors are relatively selective for two related penta-peptides, methionine enkephalin and leucine enkephalin (met- and leu-enkephalin), which were isolated from porcine brain (Hughes 1975). Both met- and leu-enkephalin inhibit electrically induced contractions of guinea pig ileum, an effect that mimics those effects seen with opioid drugs, and is naloxone reversible. The enkephalins are processed posttranslational ly from proenkephalin, and secreted from central and peripheral neurons and endocrine cells in the adrenal medulla. 

Yoshimura T, Johnson DG. cDNA cloning and expression of guinea pig neutrophil attractant protein-1 (NAP-1) NAP-1 is highly conserved in guinea pig. J Immunol 1993 151 6225-6236. 

Takahashi M, Jeevan A, Sawant K, McMurray DN, Yoshimura T. Cloning and characterization of guinea pig CXCR1. Mol Immunol 2007 44 878-888. 

Okada, Y. and Kuroda, Y., Inhibitory action of adenosine and adenosine analogs on neurotransmission in the olfactory cortex slice of guinea pig Structure-activity relationships, European Journal of Pharmacology, 61, 137, 1980. 

Pertwee RGS, L. A. Elrick DB, Mechoulam R, Corbett AD. Inhibitory effects of certain enantiomeric cannabinoids in the mouse vas deferens and the myenteric plexus preparation of guinea-pig small intestine. Br J Pharmacol 1992 105 980-984. 

A Schild plot (based on the results of a student class experiment on the effect of atropine on the contractile response of guinea-pig ileum to acetylcholine) is shown in Figure 1.17. Note that the line is straight, and its slope is close to unity, as Eq. (1.51) predicts. 

Many measurements in pharmacology rely on a chain of events following receptor activation to produce a measurable response — for example, contraction of the smooth muscle of a piece of guinea-pig ileum in response to muscarinic receptor activation by acetylcholine. This means that the relationship between receptor occupancy and response is likely to be complex, and mechanisms of drug action in such systems are often difficult to define. 

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