Of carbohydrates application

Brant, D.A. and Christ, M.D., Realistic conformational modeling of carbohydrates applications and limitations in the context of carbohydrate-high polymers, in Computer Modeling of Carbohydrate Molecules, French, A.D. and Brady, J.W., Eds., ACS S5miposium Series, No. 430, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1990, p. 42. 

Hullar, T L, Siskin, S B, Facile bromination by 7/-bromosuccinimide of benzyUdene acetals of carbohydrates. Application to the synthesis of 2,6-imino carbohydrates (substituted 2,5-oxazabi-cyclo[2.2.2] octanes), J. Org. Chem., 35, 225-228, 1970. 

Mizutani, K., H. Kajita, T. Tashima, and O. Tanaka Studies on C-NMR Spectroscopy of Carbohydrates, Application of Selective Deuteration. Nippon Kagaku Kaishi (J. Chem. Soc. Japan) 1982, 1595. 

Before the widespread availability of instrumental methods the major approach to structure determination relied on a battery of chemical reactions and tests The response of an unknown substance to various reagents and procedures provided a body of data from which the structure could be deduced Some of these procedures are still used to supple ment the information obtained by instrumental methods To better understand the scope and limitations of these tests a brief survey of the chemical reactions of carbohydrates is m order In many cases these reactions are simply applications of chemistry you have already learned Certain of the transformations however are unique to carbohydrates... 

Most applications of this derivative have been for the preparation and modification of amino acids, although some applications in the area of carbohydrates have been reported. The derivative is stable to n-butyllithium and lithium diisopropylamide. 

Numerous examples of application of DAST for replacement of carbonyl oxygen by fluonne have been reported in the field of carbohydrates [193,194,195] and particularly in the field of s/eroidi [141, 142, 183, 196, 197, 198, 199]... 

J. M. CODDINCTON and M. J. Taylor, J. Coord. Chem. 20, 27-38 (1989), and references cited therein, including those which describe its application to conformational analysis of carbohydrates and its use in separation and chromatographic techniques. 

The [ 2 + 4]-cycloaddition reaction of aldehydes and ketones with 1,3-dienes is a well-established synthetic procedure for the preparation of dihydropyrans which are attractive substrates for the synthesis of carbohydrates and other natural products [2]. Carbonyl compounds are usually of limited reactivity in cycloaddition reactions with dienes, because only electron-deficient carbonyl groups, as in glyoxy-lates, chloral, ketomalonate, 1,2,3-triketones, and related compounds, react with dienes which have electron-donating groups. The use of Lewis acids as catalysts for cycloaddition reactions of carbonyl compounds has, however, led to a new era for this class of reactions in synthetic organic chemistry. In particular, the application of chiral Lewis acid catalysts has provided new opportunities for enantioselec-tive cycloadditions of carbonyl compounds. 

A number of reviews of mass spectra of carbohydrates have been published from which references to the original papers are available (4, 9, 11, 24, 26). The application of mass spectrometry to this field was initially limited by the relatively low volatility of free carbohydrates and by the complex spectra obtained from some derivatives. These limitations have been partially overcome by new inlet techniques and by pioneering studies on classes and derivatives in order to understand the characteristic fragmentations and rearrangements of the molecular ions of a wide range of carbohydrates. 

The above review on the uses of the CP/MAS NMR techniques in the study of the structural and reactivity properties of various types of carbohydrates and aromatic polymers indicates that despite their limitations, the methods have a wide range of applications. 

Nowadays, a strategic area of research is the development of polymers based on carbohydrates due to the worldwide focus on sustainable materials. Since the necessary multi-step synthesis of carbohydrate-based polymers is not economical for the production of commodity plastics, functionalization of synthetic polymers by carbohydrates has become a current subject of research. This aims to prepare new bioactive and biocompatible polymers capable of exerting a temporary therapeutic function. The large variety of methods of anchoring carbohydrates onto polymers as well as the current and potential applications of the functionalized polymers has been discussed recently in a critical review [171]. Of importance is that such modification renders not only functionality but also biodegradability to the synthetic polymers. 

In line with the policy of Advances to provide periodic coverage of major developments in physical methodology for the study of carbohydrates, A. Dell (London) here surveys the use of fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry in application to carbohydrates. This technique has achieved rapid prominence as the soft ionization technique of choice for structural investigation of complex carbohydrate sequences in biological samples. The author s extensive personal involvement in this field makes her chapter a critical, state-of-the-art overview for the specialist, as well as a valuable primer for the reader unfamiliar with this technique. 

The application of substrates isotopically labeled in specific positions makes it possible to follow the fate of individual atoms during the microbial degradation of xenobiotics. Under optimal conditions, both the kinetics of the degradation, and the formation of metabolites may be followed— ideally when samples of the labeled metabolites are available. Many of the classical studies on the microbial metabolism of carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, and amino acids used radioactive... 

Chapter 9 shows the importance of PLC in the critical field of medical research, with representative examples of the applications to amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and pharmacokinetic studies. 

Cotte, J. F., Casabianca, H., Chardon, S., Lheritier, J., and Grenier-Loustalot, M. F. (2003). Application of carbohydrate analysis to verify honey authenticity. /. Chromatogr. A 1021, 145-155. 

TMSIH Does not react with Mino groups. Can be used to form TMS derivatives of carbohydrates in aqueous solution. Does not promote enol-ether formation with unprotected ketone groups. Most generally useful reagent, preferred for most applications. Exceptions are the formation of N-TMS derivatives and the separation of low molecular weight TMS derivatives... 

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