Octane additives

Disposal Recycle programs, restore landfill sites Detergents from branched sulfonates to Unear sulfonates refrigerant from CFCs to HFCs gasoline octane additive from tetraethyl lead to oxygenates... 

The first large-scale production of petrochemicals by alkylation was the production of ethylbenzene and cumene. The ethylbenzene was produced during World War II for making styrene and then synthetic rubber. The cumene was used as a high-octane additive for aviation gasoline. 

The effect of ZSM-5 as an octane additive to a cracking catalyst was studied in both a small fixed-bed reactor and a fluidized-bed pilot plant. Analyses of the products of these tests were used to determine the reaction chemistry. It was found that by maximizing the ratio of isomerization activity to hydrogen transfer activity, gasoline octane was increased with a minimum of yield loss. This could be accomplished by increasing the silica-to-alumina ratio of the additive zeolite. 

Octane additives were composed of 25 wt % zeolite in a silica-alumina binder, spray-dried to conventional FCC catalyst size, and treated at 1450°F in 100% steam at 1 atm for five hours before testing. 

Soil, sediment (methyl Hg, phenyl Hg) SFE of spiked sample using C02methanol containing diethylammonium diethyldithio-carbamate dilution with octane, addition of pentylMgBrto form pentyl derivatives, addition of H2S04, extraction of organic phase with water, treatment with anhydrous magnesium sulfate GC/AED 2.5 ng/mL in extract 106 (methyl) 6.3% RSD 59 (phenyl) 12% RSD) Liu et al. 1994... 

The tubular turbulent device, at the stage of multicomponent mixture preparation (Figure 5.19), has the following operational principle. Tube 1, has a diameter of 25 mm and a length of 200 mm, is provided for the introduction of the octane additive, which is injected into the device volume through a hole system of 3 mm diameter (hole numbers 30-35), installed helically in the zone of tube 1, with a length of 100 mm. Tube 2, has a diameter of 50-60 mm - C5 fraction. Tube 3, has a diameter of 30 mm - propylene tetramers. Tube 4, has a diameter of 30 mm - methyl er -butyl... 

ABSTRACT. This contribution reviews the most recent progress on the development of novel FCC catalyst. The following subjects are considered catalyst preparation and structure (matrix, binder, zeolite component), catalytic selectivity (stability, mesoporosity, nonframework alumina, hydrogen transfer), isobutene production for reformulated gasolines and FCC additives (CO promoters, 80, transfer catalysts, and octane additives). 

Each unit is unique in terms of its ability to retain catalyst due to its mechanical design and the operating conditions employed however, a general rule is that the additive should exhibit similar physical properties to the cracking catalyst. This philosophy is particularly true with CO promoters which are added at much less Aan 1 % of the cracking catalyst addition rate. From an economic standpoint, FCC additives are all significantly more expensive than FCC catalyst. CO oxidation promoters are twenty to fifty times more expensive while ZSM-5 based octane additives or SOx removal additives are about five to ten times more expensive than cracking catalyst. As a result, it is critical that the maximum amount of additive be retained in inventory for its useful (active) life. 

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