Occupational exposure titanium

Exposure to titanium tetrachloride is primarily occupational with titanium industry workers having the highest potential for exposure. Titanium tetrachloride enters the environment in the air primarily... 

See also NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin Evaluation of Health Hazard and Recommendations for Occupational Exposure to Titanium Dioxide , November 22nd 2005. Available at http //www.cdc.gov/niosh/review/public/tio2/... 

Current Intelligence Bulletin 63 Occupational Exposure to Titanium Dioxide "may be the first document (originally released for external review as a draft in 2005) to recommend separate occupational exposure limits for the same material based on particle size," according to Vladimir Murashov, Ph.D., special assistant for nanotechnology to the NIOSH Director. 

Little is yet known about the effects of nanomaterials and exposures for humans and that creates problems for safety and health. There are no estabUshed occupational exposure limits in the United States, but some are emerging from manufacturers of nanomaterials and by other countries. NIOSH has developed RELs for titanium dioxide and carbon nanotubes and carbon nano fibers. 

A number of more recent case reports have shown the lack of efficacy of water decontamination for such chemical skin exposures. These include a dilute 4 % sodium hydroxide oven cleaning compound [213], two cases of sodium hydroxide injury to the hands and feet [214], an occupational exposure to sodium hydroxide in a leather-processing facility [215], two workers with dermal exposure to titanium tetrachloride [216], seven Saudi Arabian children exposed when they tipped over a drum of sulfuric acid... 

No human or animal studies were found on adsorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of titanium tetrachloride. Because of the nature of titanium tetrachloride, it is suggested that the major route of exposure is via inhalation, with the lungs as the major target organ. Dermal exposure can also result where accidental spills have occurred. It has been shown that titanium dioxide was present in the lungs of workers occupationally exposed to titanium tetrachloride. 

Ross, D.S., Exposure to titanium tetrachloride, Occup. Health, >J, 525, 1985. 

Occupational asthma was reported in five patients and was provoked by various non-cosmetic exposures to cyanoacrylates and methylmethacrylate (Lozewicz et al. 1985 Savonius et al. 1993) and has also been noted in the nail-salon setting (Spenser et al. 1997). Pulmonary edema has also been reported from acrylic monomer exposure (Lozexicz et al. 1985), and titanium dioxide is listed as a lung irritant (Quenon 1989). 

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