Obviousness of Ranges

103See In re Merck Co., 800 F.2d 1091 (CAFC 1986), supra, where a reference teaching bioisosterism was used to support an obviousness finding. 

Prior art discloses point falling within Prior art discloses range falling within 

Prior art discloses range overlapping later claimed range. 

Claimed range falls within Claimed point falls within prior art range. prior art range. 

Claimed range (or point) falls outside prior art range (or point), but is still close. 

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Some physical insight into the Halpin-Tsai equations can be gained by examining their behavior for the ranges of values of and t. First, although it is not obvious, can range from 0 to . When = 0,... 

There is obviously a range of conditions between the steady state, Equation (6.210), the point beyond which build-up from the steady state can start, and the start of the... 

Selection patents in the chemical arts can take many forms. Selections may be made from a prior art broader range of compounds or compound uses (as in the current example) but are not so limited. For example, selection inventions might also be made from prior art chemical processes where, for example, a broad temperature range or reaction time is disclosed and a later, narrower embodiment is discovered that provides a patentably distinct process. Selection inventions are also sometimes referred to as improvement inventions because the later selection may provide some unexpected result or benefit that helps overcome challenges to patentability based on assertions of obviousness of the later discovery. Obviousness challenges and rebuttals to obviousness challenges are discussed in more detail in Chapter 8. 

Finally, regarding the 12-13 s-type sensilla, electrophysiological recordings are scarce. Hiroi et al. (2002) reported responses to sucrose and other sugars from a few sensilla, but obviously the range of activating compounds for the four gustatory sensory neurons in these sensilla still needs to be examined in more detail. 

These optical properties are used for the final determination of residual hexavalent chromium or Cr3+ formed (Table 1) for COD determination. The choice of wavelengths (and obviously of the oxidant concentration) depends on the COD range. The final determination of COD at 610 (600) or 440 (435) nm is widely used, with filter photometers for commercial tube test methods. However, some problems in reading can exist in cases of suspended solids coming either from industrial samples, for example, or, more often, precipitation occurring during COD test. In this case, a triwavelength method can be used for interferences compensation [3] (see also Chapter 2). 

Extraciables testing may be done on each individual component or material of manufacture, or on the composite assembly. The purpose of extraciables testing is to determine the amount of material that can be extracted in water and in the range of solvents for which the manufacturer claims suitability. Extraction conditions should include a simulation of those processes that may affect the materials prior to use the most obvious of these for sterilizing filters is steam sterilization. Typically, filters are autoclaved and then immersed in water or whatever solvent at 20 C and agitated for a defined period. Some extractions with volatile solvents may be done at higher temperatures and may include refluxing. 

An important feature of wavelet analysis is to find the most appropriate mother function. This is not always obvious. The ranges of a and b are flexible, giving rise to continuous wavelets if unlimited [6], or orthonormal discrete wavelets if limited [7]. For the atomic orbital example, above, the authors demonstrated the effect of choosing as a mother function... 

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