Nucleotide diphosphate activated sugars

The chemical synthesis of a sugar nucleotide diphosphate makes use of an activated nucleotide monophosphate [23] and a glycosyl monophosphate. The most efficient nucleoside monophosphates are phosphorimidazolidates... 

Sugars substituted at the glycosidic hydroxy group by phosphate or nucleotide diphosphate residues are activated due to the disturbance of resonance between their a- and jS-forms (Fig. 27) and the dislocation of electrons (C 1.1). 

Nucleoside diphosphate kinase, 1664 Nucleotide-activated sugars, 1664 Nucleus accumbens, 1373, 1375 Nude athymic mice, 2402 Nutraceuticals, 1736, 1740, 2451, 2491-2495, 2501, 2503,2505, 2511,2583,2590, 2605, 2642, 2764 properties, 2644 value, 2653 Nutrition, 2434, 3902 Nutritional, 1959 conditions, 1688 value, 2855... 

Leloir-GTs utilize sugar nucleotides as activated donor substrates. Sugar moieties bound to nucleoside mono- or diphosphates, like cytosine monophosphate (CMP), thymidine diphosphate (dTDP), guanosine diphosphate (GDP), and the most common uridine diphosphate (UDP), are transferred by two types of Leloir-GTs. 

Isoprenoid lipid carriers are used to convert the hydrophilic nucleotide diphosphate sugars into a form that is able to penetrate the cytoplasmic membrane. It will be recalled that isoprenoid sugar carriers are also used in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan (p. 14) and LPS (p. 79). In actively growing bacteria there must be sufficient sugar-charged isoprenoid carrier... 

Choline and ethanolamine are activated in much the same way as are sugars. For example, choline can be phosphorylated using ATP (Eq. 17-58, step a) and the phosphocholine formed can be further converted (Eq. 17-58, step b) to cytidine diphosphate choline. Phosphocholine is transferred from the latter onto a suitable acceptor to form the final product (Eq. 17-58, step c). Tire polymerization pattern differs from that for polysaccharide synthesis. When the sugar nucleotides react, the entire nucleoside diphosphate is eliminated (Eq. 17-56), but CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine react with elimination of CMP (Eq. 

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