Nucleic acid sequencing sugars

Hydrolysis of nucleoproteins separates the acids from the proteins. Further hydrolysis yields the components of nucleic acids, namely sugars, bases, and phosphoric acid. The nucleic acids differ from each other, depending upon the source, in chain lengths, sequences, and distributions of bases. As in the proteins, the primary structure of nucleic acids is determined by partial and sequential hydrolysis. 

In any nucleic acid, the sugar at one end has a free 5 -phosphate group, and the sugar at the other end has a free 3 -hydroxyl group. A nucleic acid sequence is read from the free 5 -phosphate to the free 3 -hydroxyl using only the letters of the bases. For example, the nucleotide sequence in the section of RNA shown in Figure 18.20 is —ACGU—. 

In view of the fact that the principal chain is formed by regularly alternating residues of phosphoric acid and sugar, it follows that the structural variety and the diversity of life functions related to it must be based on the sequence and on the kind of bases of nucleic... 

A nucleic acid polymer contains nucleotide chains in which the phosphate group of one nucleotide links to the sugar ring of a second. The resulting backbone is an alternating sequence of sugars and phosphates, as shown in... 

In RNA, the base T found in DNA is replaced by uracil, which is similar in structure to T, but lacks the methyl group. The nucleotides in nucleic acids are linked by phosphodiester bonds between the 3 -hydroxyl of one nucleoside and the 5 -hydroxyl of the sugar of its neighbour in the sequence, as was first shown by Alexander Todd3 in 1952 (Figure 4.13). 

Portugal J, Waring MJ (1987) Interaction of nucleosome core particles with distamycin and echinomycin analysis of the effect of DNA sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 15(3) 885-903 Povirk LF, Goldberg IH (1987) A role of oxidative DNA sugar damage in mutagenesis by neocarzino-statin and bleomycin. Biochimie 69(8) 815-823... 

Formation of a broad range of materials with a wide variety of general or specific properties and function (such as proteins and enzymes) through a controlled sequence assembly from a fixed number of feedstock molecules (proteins about 20 different amino acids, five bases for nucleic acids, and two sugar units)... 

The backbone of nucleic acids is connected through the 3 and 5 sites on the sugar with the base attached at the 1 site. Because the sugar molecule is not symmetrical each unit can be connected differently, but there is order (also called sense or directionality) in the sequence of... 

The DNA molecule is a double strand of nucleic acids, each consisting of a sequence of nucleosides, which are paired ribose sugar and phosphoric acid, held together in sequences of [—R(X)—P—], where X is one of four bases of thymine, cytosine, adenine, or guanine. Thymine can bond to adenine by two hydrogen bonds, and cytosine can bond to guanine by three hydrogen bonds. The two strands of DNA molecules run... 

The primary structure of nucleic acids refers to the sequence in which the four nitrogen bases (A, G, C and T in DNA and A, G, C and U) in RNA are attached to sugar phosphate backbone of the nucleotide chain. 

Nucleic Acid. A nucleic acid is a natural polynucleotide. It is a sugar-phosphate chain with purine and pyrimidine bases attached to it, as shown in Chart 10. If the sugar is deoxyribose and the pyrimidine bases are cytosine and thymine, the nucleic acid is deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA if the sugar is ribose, and the pyrimidine bases are (mostly) cytosine and uracil, the nucleic acid is ribonucleic acid, RNA. The sequence of bases may appear arbitrary and random, but it constitutes a meaningful code (see Code Word). In double-stranded nucleic acids,... 

In DNA the sugar molecule in the nucleotide is 2-deoxyribose, and in RNA it is ribose. The amine bases in DNA are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, symbolized by A, T, C, and G, respectively. RNA contains adenine, cytosine, and guanine, but thymine is replaced by the based uracil (Figure 16.16). The primary structure of nucleic acids is given by the sequence of the amine side chains starting from the phosphate end of the nucleotide. For example, a DNA sequence may be -T-A-A-G-C-T. 

The principle that sequences of monomeric subunits are rich in information emerges most fully in the discussion of nucleic acids (Chapter 8). However, proteins and some short polymers of sugars (oligosaccharides) are also information-rich molecules. The amino acid sequence is a form of information that directs the folding of the protein into its unique three-dimensional structure, and ultimately determines the function of the protein. Some oligosaccharides also have unique sequences and three-dimensional structures that are recognized by other macromolecules. 

The primary transcripts of prokaryotic and eukaryotic tRNAs are processed by the removal of sequences from each end (cleavage) and in a few cases by the removal of introns (splicing). Many bases and sugars in tRNAs are also modified mature tRNAs are replete with unusual bases not found in other nucleic acids (see Fig. 26-24). 

Yeast alanine tRNA (tRNA 3), the first nucleic acid to be completely sequenced (Fig. 27-11), contains 76 nucleotide residues, 10 of which have modified bases. Comparisons of tRNAs from various species have revealed many common denominators of structure (Fig. 27-12). Eight or more of the nucleotide residues have modified bases and sugars, many of which are methylated derivatives of the principal bases. Most tRNAs have a guanylate (pG) residue at the 5 end, and all have the trinucleotide sequence CCA(3 ) at the 3 end. When... 

Deoxyribonucleic acid A nucleic acid containing a deoxygenated ribose sugar, having a double helical structure, and carrying genetic code in the nucleotide sequence. 

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