Nuclearity, changes increase

Ionic radius. Ionic radii do not change much in going across a transition row. The reason for this is essentially a balance of two effects (1) As nuclear charge increases across the row, the electrons would be pulled in, so the ions ought... 

After a single dose of ethionine, triglycerides accumulate in the liver, the increase being detectable after four hours. After 24 hours, the accumulation of triglycerides is maximal, being 15 to 20 times the normal level. Initially, the fat droplets accumulate on the endoplasmic reticulum in periportal hepatocytes and then in more central areas of the liver. Some species develop hepatic necrosis as well as fatty liver, and nuclear changes and disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum may also be observed. 

Within a given series, the principal quantum number does not change. [Even in the long series in which the filling may be in the order ns, (n - l)d, up, the outermost electrons are always in the nth level.] The effective nuclear charge increases steadily, however, since electrons added to the valence shell shield each other very ineffectively. For the second series ... 

The nucleus of the liver cell has 1 or 2 nucleoli, (s. fig. 2.18) Its proportion of the cell volume is 6%. About 20-25% of liver cells have 2 nuclei, presumably as a sign of increased cell activity. Number, size, nuclear pattern or nuclear changes are very varied due to diverse influences (e.g. age, nutrition, physiological moulting ) - above all in pathological processes. About 10-44% of the nuclei are diploid, 55-80% are tetraploid and 5-6% are octoploid. Increasing polyploidy is deemed a precancerous phase. The nucleus has a bilaminar nuclear membrane (D.W. Fawcett, 1955). The inner nuclear... 

In all cases the recoil energy is too low to break the chemical bond (about 2.5 eV for one bond). The probability of interaction of the emitted beta particles directly with the electrons of the atom is also small. The non-adiabatic change (increase or decrease) of the nuclear charge in p - and /J -emissions results in ionization of the peripheral shell electrons, when the probability of ionization of K, L and M shells equals 10 , 10 and 5 X 10 only . 

In the orbital approximation, the electrons move in the potential of a central point nucleus. This potential does not change the overall form of the angular part of the wavefunction and hence the shapes of the orbitals are not changed from the shapes found for hydrogen. However, the radial part of the wavefunction is altered, and the extension of the orbitals increases as the effective nuclear charge increases. This corresponds to the idea that heavy atoms are larger than light atoms. 

In a lithium atom the Is orbital, close to the nucleus, is occupied by two electrons, while the 2s orbital, further from the nucleus, contains one. In beryllium, there is a second electron in the 2s orbital. As before the energy levels will change as the nuclear charge increases, so the orbital occupancy in Li and Be can be represented as shown below. 

Certain aspects of the pathology of vitamin E deficiency suggest that nucleic acid metabolism may be deranged. In tissues severely affected by the deficiency one sees various nuclear changes. These include an increase in numbers of nuclei in rabbit skeletal muscle, appearance of giant multi-nucleated cells in rat testes (Mason, 1933), and the appearance of many multinucleated erythroid precursors in vitamin E-deficient monkey bone marrow (Porter et al., 1962). It is of course well known that these tissues are dramatically affected by vitamin E deficiency in the various species. In the rabbit one sees nutritional muscular dystrophy, in the male rat sterility, and in the monkey macrocytic anemia (Dinning and Day, 1957a). 

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