Nuclear magnetic resonance energy metabolism

Pettegrew, J. W., Keshavan, M. S., Panchalingam, K. et al. Alterations in brain high-energy phosphate and membrane phospholipid metabolism in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenics. A pilot study of the dorsal prefrontal cortex by in vivo phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 48 563-568,1991. 

Astroglial contribution to brain energy metabolism in humans revealed by 13c nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Elucidation of the dominant pathway for neurotransmitter glutamate repletion and measurement of astrocytic oxidative metabolism. J Neurosci 22 1523-1531. 

Okunieff, P., Kallinowski, F., Vaupel, P., and Neuringer, L. J. (1988) Effects of hydralazine-induced vasodilation on the energy metabolism of murine tumors studied by in vivo 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 80, 745-750. 

In some cases, multienzyme cascades are used where an artificial metabolic pathway has been created on an electrode to take a specific substrate and electrocataly tic ally convert it to produce energy [5,12-14]. With these systems, coulometry is useful for determining coulombic efficiency, as well as combining coulometry with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis to determine reaction intermediates and products, and elucidate bottlenecks in the artificial metabolic pathway, or to determine the energy density of a fuel cell. Please refer to Chapter 5 for further information regarding multienzyme cascades. 

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