Nuclear Genesis

Hughes, T. P. (1989). American Genesis. New York Viking. Joppke, C. (1993). Mobilizing Against Nuclear Energy. 

Needless to say, nuclear astrophysics does not limit itself to the chemical evolution of the Milky Way, but seeks to bestow a cosmic dimension upon its quest for the origin and evolution of the elements. Ever beclouded by the earliest times, the time of the genesis, the astrophysical spirit infiltrates the turbulent youth of the galaxies, going back to the stormy days of their early childhood. 

Nuclear evolution precedes and determines the evolution of life, and is itself preceded by the evolution of elementary particles. Such is the great scheme of material things. The idea of universal unity can only be strengthened by this knowledge. In this physical genesis, the star plays a crucial intermediate role between the Big Bang and life, and for this reason we owe it our closest attention. 

Some artificial elements (group c) have probably been produced in the course of the genesis of the elements and were present on the earth at the time of its formation. The age of the earth is estimated to be about 4.5 10 y. During this time elements of shorter half-life disappeared by nuclear transformations. After waiting for about 10 y, most of the artificial elements would have decayed again, and after a much longer time (about 10 y) the radioelements U and Th would also not exist any more on the earth in measurable amounts, with the consequence that the Periodic Table of the elements would end with element 83 (Bi = bismuth). 

For special geochemical investigations, isotope ratios of other elements, such as B, N, Si, K and Se are also determined. The measurement of the distribution of the natural radioelements U and Th and their daughter nuclides in minerals, sediments, oil, water and the air gives information about the genesis of the minerals, sediments and oils, and about the processes taking place in the lithosphere, the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. The nuclear methods of dating will be discussed in chapter 16. 

The idea that the proper way to treat molecules in quantum mechanics is to try to separate the electronic and nuclear motions as far as possible, dates from the very earliest days of the subject. The genesis of the idea is usually attributed to Born and Oppenheimer (1), but it is an idea that was in the air at the time, for the earliest papers in which the idea is used, predate the publication of their paper. The physical picture that informs the attempted separation is one well known and widely used even in classical mechanics, namely division of the problem into a set of rapidly moving particles, here electrons and a much more slowly moving set, here the nuclei. Experience is that it is wise to try and separate such incommensurate motions both to calculate efficiently and to get a useful physical picture. 

Chen W-H, Morriss-Kay GM, Copp A (1995) Genesis and prevention of spinal neural tube defects in the curly tail mutant mouse involvement of retinoic acid and its nuclear receptors RAR- and RAR- . Development 121 681-691. 

In spite of their common genesis, proton Rj -values provide quite different, albeit complimentary,structural information them those of 13c nuclei. We have developed (5) four different methods by which the magnitudes of Tndividual, interproton relaxation contributions may be determined accurately. It is obvious that, if one determines the relative magnitudes of the contributions which two donor protons Dl and D2 make to the relaxation of a common receptor proton, R, this gives a direct measure of the ratio of the interproton separations, as depicted in Equation Two. Clearly this equation will be valid only if both of the inter-nuclear vectors Dl- -R and D2-+ft have the same x -value,... 

The concept of a liquid metal-cooled reactor dates back to the genesis of nuclear energy. The first nuclear reactor to generate electricity was the liquid sodium-potassium-cooled fast reactor Experimental Breeder Reactor-1 (EBR-1) [5]. EBR-Fs successor, the sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) EBR-11 operated successfully for over 30 years, producing 20 MW of electricity via a sodium-steam power cycle [6]. 

Fleischmann, M. (2006) Background to cold fusion the genesis of the concept, in Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, Proceedings lOth International Conference on Cold Eusion (eds P.L. Hagerstein and S.R. Chubb), World Scientific, New Jersey, p. 1. 

GRINBLAT, P. GTMENEZ, M., SCHLAMP, M., CAREM Nuclear safety internalised cost-effectively from the concept genesis. Advanced Nuclear Power Plants (Proc. Int. Congress Cordoba, Spain, 2003), ICAPP03- ISBN 0-89448-675-6 (2003). 

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