Sharp notes

Figure 19 ELS spectrum from a titanium carbide precipitate in a metallic alloy. Note sharp C K and Ti L edges andplasmon loss structure...

Figure 2. Schematic isotherms for small and infinite system. Note sharp phase transition in infinite system and smoothed-out transition in finite system. (From Hill. )...

Figure 5. Apparent viscosity of protoplasm in Cumingia eggs as a function of temperature. Note sharp minima near 2° and 30°C and distinct maximum near 15°C. (From Heilbrunn, 1924).

Figure 7. Rate of chromosome aberration in the broad leaf bean V/c/a iaba as a function of temperature. Note sharp peak near 30 C. (From Wersuhn, 1967 see also Drost-Hansen, 1981).

Fig. 6.6a,b. The increase in image noise is perceived more on three-dimensional endoluminal views a, standard dose scan b, low dose scan. Note sharpness of endoluminal surface negatively affected by dose reduction in b... 

Figure 2.53 Do not use these needle and probe styles with the MicroSeal. Note Sharp-edged or sharp-pointed needles can pierce and damage the duckbill seal.

Certain materials, most notably semiconductors, can be mechanically cleaved along a low-mdex crystal plane in situ in a UFIV chamber to produce an ordered surface without contamination. This is done using a sharp blade to slice tire sample along its preferred cleavage direction. For example. Si cleaves along the (111) plane, while III-V semiconductors cleave along the (110) plane. Note that the atomic structure of a cleaved surface is not necessarily the same as that of the same crystal face following treatment by IBA. 

The sinc fiinction describes the best possible case, with often a much stronger frequency dependence of power output delivered at the probe-head. (It should be noted here that other excitation schemes are possible such as adiabatic passage [9] and stochastic excitation [fO] but these are only infrequently applied.) The excitation/recording of the NMR signal is further complicated as the pulse is then fed into the probe circuit which itself has a frequency response. As a result, a broad line will not only experience non-unifonn irradiation but also the intensity detected per spin at different frequency offsets will depend on this probe response, which depends on the quality factor (0. The quality factor is a measure of the sharpness of the resonance of the probe circuit and one definition is the resonance frequency/haltwidth of the resonance response of the circuit (also = a L/R where L is the inductance and R is the probe resistance). Flence, the width of the frequency response decreases as Q increases so that, typically, for a 2 of 100, the haltwidth of the frequency response at 100 MFIz is about 1 MFIz. Flence, direct FT-piilse observation of broad spectral lines becomes impractical with pulse teclmiques for linewidths greater than 200 kFIz. For a great majority of... 

We may note (a) the common occurrence of oxidation state +2 where the 4s electrons have been formally lost, (b) the increase in the number of oxidation states from scandium to manganese in the latter element, the oxidation state + 7 corresponds to the formal loss of the and 3d electrons, (c) the sharp decrease in the number of oxidation states after manganese—suggesting that removal of the paired id electrons is less easy (d) the oxidation state 0, occurring for many of the later elements in the series. ... 

Note that the amino-acids, because of their salt-like nature, usually decompose on heating, and therefore seldom have sharp melting-points. Furthermore, all naturally occurring amino-acids are a-amino-acids, and consequently, with the exception of glycine, can exist in optically active forms. 

Where Is the Equivalence Point In discussing acid-base titrations and com-plexometric titrations, we noted that the equivalence point is almost identical with the inflection point located in the sharply rising part of the titration curve. If you look back at Figures 9.8 and 9.28, you will see that for acid-base and com-plexometric titrations the inflection point is also in the middle of the titration curve s sharp rise (we call this a symmetrical equivalence point). This makes it relatively easy to find the equivalence point when you sketch these titration curves. When the stoichiometry of a redox titration is symmetrical (one mole analyte per mole of titrant), then the equivalence point also is symmetrical. If the stoichiometry is not symmetrical, then the equivalence point will lie closer to the top or bottom of the titration curve s sharp rise. In this case the equivalence point is said to be asymmetrical. Example 9.12 shows how to calculate the equivalence point potential in this situation. 

Sec. 1.8, where polydispersity in ordinary samples was emphasized. Polydis-persity clearly complicates things, especially in the neighborhood of n, where a significant number of molecules are too short to show entanglement effects while an equally significant fraction are entangled. We simply note that any study conducted with the intention of a molecular interpretation should be conducted on a sample with as sharp a distribution as possible. 

It is important to note that graphitically corroded metal may be overlooked in a simple visual inspection. Appropriate use of a sharp probe or hammer should be helpful in the identification. 

The trip operates at approximately 4.25 see, but no effeet is seen until the 1 see lag in the trip aetuation of the vanes has passed. Thus, it is after the 1 see lag that the vanes start driving to the wide open position at the design aetuation rate. The result is a sharp inerease in air flow and blower horsepower. Note that this flow is going into the regenerator sinee no SNORK valve has been ineluded in the ealeu-lations. The aeeeleration reaehes a peak at about 6.5 see and blower horsepower peaks at about 8.25 see, with the vanes fully open at 8.5 see. Sometime over 30 see the horsepower of the blower and expander will equalize. If no other aetion results they will stabilize. 

A final note is with regard to flat bottom cyclones which have gained acceptance in recent years. The installation of a flat bottom in place of the conical section will coarsen the separation by more than twofold. Additionally, the sharpness of the recovery curve will decrease significantly. As such, flat bottom cyclones should be restricted to those applications in which coarse separations are required. The flat bottom cyclone does produce a very clean underflow but at the expense of a large amount of misplace coarse solids in the overflow. An illustration of a flat bottom cyclone is shown in Figure 58. The reader should refer to the reference section of this chapter for citations that provide more in-depth coverage of this equipment, as well as design case studies and example. 

Fig. 2.79 shows the typical variation of impact strength with notch tip radius for several thermoplastics. The first important fact to be noted from this graph is that the use of a sharp notch will rank the plastics materials in a different order to that obtained using a blunt notch. This may be explained by considering the total impact strength as consisting of both crack initiation and crack propagation... 

Fig. 1. Typical ED pattern of polychiral MWCNT. The pattern is the superposition of the diffraction patterns produced by several isochiral clusters of tubes with different chiral angles. Note the row of sharp oo.l reflexions and the streaked appearance of 10.0 and 11.0 type reflexions. The direction of beam incidence is approximately normal to the tube axis. The pattern exhibits 2mm planar symmetry [9].

Next we consider a molecular crystal composed of N2 molecules, (Vp = 0). Molecular N2 solids at low temperatures and low pressures are in the a structure (Pa3). Using PIMC simulations we studied the low temperature properties of N2 sohds [260] (B = 2.88 K, = 500). In Fig. 6 the temperature dependence of the molar volume is shown for our simulational as well as for experimental [289] data. We note that the classical simulations (corresponding to P = 1) lead to a nonzero slope of the volume at very low temperatures, which is in sharp contrast to the experimental behavior [289]. 

Note that no such regularity has been found for < 1, except for a rapid rise of A to infinity for extremely small values of 5r [gross88c]. The irregular behavior for < 1 is in sharp contrast to the distinct linear relationship between A and 5r for 5r > 1. The regime of smaller Sr s just might deserve a closer look. 

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