Normalized, background-subtracted

EXAFS data are multiplied by ( = 1, 2, or 3) to compensate for amplitude attenuation as a function of k, and are normalized to the magnitude of the edge jump. Normalized, background-subtracted EXAFS data, versus k (such as... 

Figure 5. Evidence for surface species (right) in the normalized, background-subtracted, k3-weighted EXAFS spectra (left) of selenate and selenite ions reacted with goethite. The EXAFS spectra of selenate or selenite ions in aqueous solution are shown as dashed curves, with vertical arrows denoting contributions from Fe(III) in the selenite spectrum. Reactive surface OH groups on goethite are...

Figure 8. k-Weighted, normalized, background-subtracted XAFS spectra of Ni sorbed on pyrophyllite, kaolinite, gibbsite, and montmorillonite compared to the spectrum of crystalline Ni(0H)2(s) and takovite. Reaction conditions are those given in 7. The spectra are uncorrected for phase shift. From Scheidegger et al. (76), with permission. 

Figures Background-subtracted, normalized, and ili -weighted Mo K-edge EXAFS, versus k (A ), for molybdenum metal foil obtained from the primary experimental data of Figure 2 with Eq = 20,025 eV.

Integral intensities were obtained after dead-time corrections, background subtraction and normalization to averaged monitor counts. The Lp correction was applied in the usual way. Since the polarization ratio was not measured at BW5 so far, 90% linear horizontally polarized radiation was assumed for all scans. Calculations show that even a change in the beam polarization of 10% would effect the intensities of the highest order reflections of less than 1.5%. 

The relativistic derivation of the relationship between the Compton cross section and the Compton profile leads to a further correction factor [7]. Finally a background subtraction and a normalization of the valence profiles to the number of valence... 

Figure 9 A depicts data after background subtraction, normalization, and conversion to wave vector form.

Result of the malfunction is that single images from a series are destroyed. Background subtraction and normalization become difficult if beam jumps have occurred during the recording of a complete set of experimental data. 

Mo EXAFS. In Figure 2a we have shown an X-ray absorption spectrum near the Mo K-edge of the unsupported catalyst with Co/Mo = 0.125. The spectrum has been obtained in situ and at room temperature. After background subtraction, multiplication by k and normalization,... 

Figure 4. Tunneling characteristics of an Al-AlOx-4-pyridine-COOH-Ag junction run at 1.4 K with a 1 mV modulation voltage, (a) Modulation voltage Vu across the junction for a constant modulation current Iu. This signal is proportional to the dynamic resistance of the sample, (b) Second harmonic signal, proportional to d2V/dI2. (c) Numerically obtained normalized second derivative signal G , dG/ dfeVJ, which is more closely related to the molecular vibrational density of states, (d) Normalized G0 dG/d(eVJ with the smooth elastic background subtracted out...

Fig. 16 (a) 2D-SAXS images of a 32.5 wt% solution of SI in toluene under an electric field of 3 kV/mm at different temperatures. The arrow in the first image indicates the direction of the electric field vector, (b) Azimuthal scattering intensity after background subtraction and normalization. The curves correspond to the sequence of images in (a), (c) Order parameter P% (filled circles) and temperature (solid line) as functions of time. Numbers 1-4 correspond to scattering patterns shown in (a) and (b). Adapted with permission from Macromolecules [72]. Copyright 2009 American Chemical Society... 

After normalization to the edge jump and background subtraction, the EXAFS region is described by x(k), which is the sum of all the contributions from all scattering paths of the photoelectron (Kelly et al., 2008 Stern, 1978 Stern and Heald, 1983) ... 

Erom the DeCyder software it is possible to find the background-subtracted spot volumes, i.e., for a single spot the lowest lOfh percentile pixel values on the spot boundary have been excluded. Several features of this raw data require calibration and normalization prior to statistical analysis. The volume values are affected by dye-specific system gains and constant additive biases. In figure 3.10 the Cy5 and Cy3 spot volumes of one gel are plotted against each other. It can clearly be seen that the difference between Cy5 and Cy3 spot volumes increases when the spot volumes increase. 

Figure 6. a He(I) photoelectron spectrum of LiF without superheating, 1400 K. b He(I) photoelectron spectrum of LiF with superheating, 1300 K. c "Pure" monomer LiF spectrum, obtained by subtracting a from b, after background subtraction and normalization at dimer band, d "Pure dimer (Li Ft) spectrum, obtained by subtracting c from a, after normalization at monomer band fl8J. 

C3 or C4 was incubated for 60 minutes at 37 C with the respective enzymes, subjected to tricine-PAGE and Coomassie staining and analyzed by scanning the different bands. The values were obtained after background subtraction and normalization to the intensity of the C3p and C4p bands, respectively, except where marked with an asterisk. 

The intensities of the scattered neutrons on the detector are then radially averaged, if the scattering unit is an isotropic scatterer, after normalization and subtraction of solvent and background, converted to absolute differential cross sections per unit sample volume, (5E/5Q) (0, in rmits of cm and plotted on a 1-D plot as a function of the scattering vector, Q. 

The raw data obtained from microarray analyses rarely remain raw for long. The data are simmered in a series of transformations needed to address basic questions of gene expression. Typical transformations include background subtraction, normalization, ratio calculations, and log transformation. The normalization is required because the scale for fluorescence emissions from different fluoro-phores are rarely equivalent. In addition, the scale for signal from the same fluorescent label... 

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