Normal electron demand

Diels-Alder reactions can be divided into normal electron demand and inverse electron demand additions. This distinction is based on the way the rate of the reaction responds to the introduction of electron withdrawing and electron donating substituents. Normal electron demand Diels-Alder reactions are promoted by electron donating substituents on the diene and electron withdrawii substituents on the dienophile. In contrast, inverse electron demand reactions are accelerated by electron withdrawing substituents on the diene and electron donating ones on the dienophile. There also exists an intermediate class, the neutral Diels-Alder reaction, that is accelerated by both electron withdrawing and donating substituents. 

Figure 1.1. Orbital correlation diagram illustrating the distinction between normal electron demand (leftside) and inverse electron demand (right side) Diels-Alder reactions.

Hydrogen bonding of water to the activating group of (for normal-electron demand Diels-Alder reactions) the dienophile constitutes the second important effect". Hydrogen bonds strengthen the electron-withdrawing capacity of this functionality and thereby decrease the HOMO-LUMO gap... 

The fact that good correlations are observed with d" rather than with a, is indicative of a strong infiuence of the substituent through a direct resonance interaction with a positive charge in the reacting system. The p-values are positive, which is expected for substituted dienophiles in a normal electron demand Diels-Alder reaction. Furthermore, the p-values do not exceed unity and are not significantly different from literature values reported for the uncatalysed reaction. It is tempting to... 

More complete interpretations of Diels-Alder regioselectivity have been developed. MO results can be analyzed from an electrostatic perspective by calculating potentials at the various atoms in the diene and dienophile. These results give a more quantitatively accurate estimate of the substituent effects. Diels-Alder regioselectivity can also be accounted for in terms of HSAB theory (see Section 1.2.3). The expectation would be that the most polarizable (softest) atoms would lead to bond formation and that regioselectivity would reflect the best mateh between the diene and dienophile termini. These ideas have been applied using 3-2IG computations. The results are in agreement with the ortho rule for normal-electron-demand Diels-Alder reactions. ... 

The normal electron-demand reaction is a HOMOdiene-LUMOdienophUeelectron-rich dienes and electron-deficient dienophiles (Scheme 4.2, left dotted line). The inverse electron-demand cycloaddition reaction is primarily controlled by a LUMOdiene HOMOdienophiie inter-... 

NORMAL-ELECTRON DEMAND HOMO(jjene dienophile COntroll d cycloaddition reactions... 

Basic Aspects of Metal-catalyzed 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions 215 The normal electron-demand 1,3-dlpolar cycloaddition reaction... 

Several titanium(IV) complexes are efficient and reliable Lewis acid catalysts and they have been applied to numerous reactions, especially in combination with the so-called TADDOL (a, a,a, a -tetraaryl-l,3-dioxolane-4,5-dimethanol) (22) ligands [53-55]. In the first study on normal electron-demand 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions between nitrones and alkenes, which appeared in 1994, the catalytic reaction of a series of chiral TiCl2-TADDOLates on the reaction of nitrones 1 with al-kenoyloxazolidinones 19 was developed (Scheme 6.18) [56]. These substrates have turned out be the model system of choice for most studies on metal-catalyzed normal electron-demand 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of nitrones as it will appear from this chapter. When 10 mol% of the catalyst 23a was applied in the reaction depicted in Scheme 6.18 the reaction proceeded to give a yield of up to 94% ee after 20 h. The reaction led primarily to exo-21 and in the best case an endo/ exo ratio of 10 90 was obtained. The chiral information of the catalyst was transferred with a fair efficiency to the substrates as up to 60% ee of one of the isomers of exo3 was obtained [56]. 

The normal electron-demand principle of activation of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of nitrones has also been tested for the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of alkenes with diazoalkanes [71]. The reaction of ethyl diazoacetate 33 with 19b in the presence of a TiCl2-TADDOLate catalyst 23a afforded the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition product 34 in good yield and with 30-40% ee (Scheme 6.26). 

The FMOs of acrolein to the left in Fig. 8.2 are basically slightly perturbed butadiene orbitals, while the FMOs of protonated acrolein resemble those of an allyl cation mixed in with a lone-pair orbital on the oxygen atom (Fig. 8.2, right). Based on the FMOs of protonated acrolein, Houk et al. [2] argued that the predominant interaction in a normal electron-demand carbo-Diels-Alder reaction is between the dienophile LUMO and diene HOMO (Fig. 8.1, left). This interaction is greatly... 

The two transition states in Figs 8.5 and 8.6 correspond in principle to a metal-catalyzed carho-Diels-Alder reaction under normal electron-demand reaction conditions and a hetero-Diels-Alder reaction with inverse electron-demand of an en-one with an alkene. The calculations by Houk et al. [6] indicated that with the basis set used there were no significant difference in the reaction course. 

We are now able to understand the Lewis acid-catalyzed normal electron-demand carbo-Diels-Alder reaction from a theoretical point of view. The calculated influence of the Lewis acids on the reaction rate, regio- and stereoselectivity in an... 

The basic concept of activation in hetero-Diels-Alder reactions is to utilize the lone-pair electrons of the carbonyl and imine functionality for coordination to the Lewis acid. The coordination of the dienophile to the Lewis acid changes the FMOs of the dienophile and for the normal electron-demand reactions a decrease of the LUMO and HOMO energies is observed leading to a better interaction with... 

Normal electron-demand controlled hetero-Diels-Alder reactions... 

Normal Electron-demand Hetero-Diels-Alder Reactions... 

The relative FMO energies of the substrates of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrones are important for catalytic control of the reaction. For the normal electron-demand 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions the dominant FMO interac-... 

Normal electron-demand 1,3-dlpolar cycloaddition reaction... 

N-methyl-C-phenylnitrone 213 nonlinear effect 260 normal electron-demand 215, 226, 302, 314... 

Extensive studies by Gorman and Gassman have shown that an allyl cation can be a 27r-electron component in a normal electron-demand cationic Diels-Alder reaction and, since a carbocation is a very strong electron-withdrawing group, the allyl cation is a highly reactive dienophile [19a, 21]. 

Since the reactivity depends on the lowest HOMO-LUMO energy separation that can be achieved by the reacting partners, all the factors, steric and electronic, that lower the HOMO-LUMO distance increase the reaction rate and, as a consequence, allow the reactions to be carried out under mild conditions. Thus the normal electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction between 1,4-benzoquinone and 1,3-butadiene (Equation 2.2) proceeds at 35 °C almost quantitatively. 

The combination of thionation by Lawesson s reagent [98] of oxoenamino-ketones 96 with normal electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction of conjugated aldehydes allows a variety of thiopyrans 97 to be synthesized by a regio-selective and chemoselective one-pot methodology [99] (Equation 2.28). Thionation occurred at the more electrophilic ketonic carbonyl group. O O... 

They reported that the DFT calculations of 114 at the B3LYP/6-31G level showed that the ji-HOMO lobes at the a-position are slightly greater for the syn-n-face than for the anti face. The deformation is well consistent with the prediction by the orbital mixing rule. However, the situation becomes the reverse for the Jt-LUMO lobes, which are slightly greater at the anti than the syn-n-face. They concluded that the iyn-Jt-facial selectivity of the normal-electron-demand Diels-Alder reactions... 

Terrier et al. have widely described Bfxs 4-nitro-substituted participating in a series of Diels-Alder processes. Bfx 4-nitro-substituted system could participate as diene, C = C - C = C system, or heterodiene, C = C - NO2 system, in an inverse electron demand reaction [62,63] or as dienophile, C = C or N = O systems, in a normal electron demand reaction [64-68]. Fxs have been reported as 1,3-dipole through the substructure C = - 0 reacting with... 

The reactions of 4-nitrobenzodifuroxan 242 with a series of common dienes, such as cyclopentadiene, cyclohexa-diene, isoprene, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, and 1-acetoxybutadiene, with ethoxymethyleneacetylacetone were found to proceed very readily to afford stable cycloadducts, which are the result of highly stereoselective normal electron-demand (NED) Diels-Alder reactions. Due to the additional activation provided by the two adjacent furoxan rings, the nitroalkene double bond of compound 242 is also prone to undergo NED reactions with less reactive dienic structures, such as the enol form of ethoxymethyleneacetylacetone and the in situ generated 2-ethoxy-4-(2-furfur-yl)buta-l,3-diene <2004TL1037, 2005T8167>. 

In contrast to the above-mentioned cydoadditions, normal electron demand Diels-Alder reactions exclusively form products where the terminal C=C bond of the allene was attacked by the diene. For example, cydoaddition of N-allenylsulfeni-mide 281 with cydopentadiene (282) affords norbornene derivative 283 (Eq. 8.37) [148]. 

The interactions of the occupied orbitals of one reactant with the unoccupied orbitals of the other are described by the third term of the Klopman-Salem-Fukui equation. This part is dominant and the most important for uncharged reaction partners. Taking into account that the denominator is minimized in case of a small energy gap between the interacting orbitals, it is clear that the most important interaction is the HOMO-LUMO overlap. With respect to the Diels-Alder reaction, one has to distinguish between two possibilities depending on which HOMO-LUMO pair is under consideration. The reaction can be controlled by the interaction of the HOMO of the electron-rich diene and the LUMO of the electron-poor dienophile (normal electron demand) or by the interaction of the LUMO of an electron-poor diene and the HOMO of an electron-rich dienophile (inverse electron demand cf Figure 1). 

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