Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs diclofenac

Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease that involves inflammation in joints and causes severe pain and immobility. The worldwide scenario indicates that the elderly population suffers the most from this disease. The drugs of choice for treatment of this condition are nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which include acetylsalicylic acid, diclofenac sodium, piroxicam, nimesulide, celecoxib, and refecoxib. Therapeutic doses, adverse effects, and precautions are given in the foifowing pages. 

Giachetti et al. [60] compared the performance of mass selective detector (MSD), electron capture detector (ECD) and nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD) of gas chromatography systems in the assay of six nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in the plasma samples. As a practical test, six NSAIDs (mefenamic, flufenamic, meclofenamic and niflumic acids, diclofenac and clonixin) added to plasma samples were detected and quantified. The analyses were carried out after solvent extraction from an acidic medium and subsequent methylation. The linearity of response was tested for all the detection systems in the range of 1-25 ng/mL. Precision and accuracy were detected at 1, 5 and 10 ng/mL. The minimum quantifiable level for the six drugs was about 1 ng/mL with each of the three detection systems. 

Although most treatments for endometriosis are directed at the implant themselves, the symptoms can be also treated directly. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as diclofenac, ibuprofen, mefenamic acid, are often given to relieve the pain associated with endometriosis. These drugs are frequently the first-line treatment in women with pelvic pain whose cause has not yet been proved to be endometriosis. 

NSAIDs (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs) Isolated cases of adverse neurological side effects have been seen with naproxen or phenylbutazone given with misoprostol. Misoprostol also increases the abdominal pain and other side effects of diclofenac and indometacin (indomethacin). Paracetamol (acetaminophen) intensifies pain if given with mifepristone and sulprostone used to induce abortion. 

PROBLEM 14.50 Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) that is effective for treating pain. In an effort to better understand its enzyme selectivity, it has been nitrated. A single product was obtained. Predict the product and explain your choice. 

Chitosan microspheres containing sodium diclofenac, a nonsteroid antiinflammatory, were studied concerning the influence of Ca or AF ions on the microsphere morphology and the influence of different amounts of chitosan on the release of diclofenac [108]. Chitosan nanoparticles were PECylated and loaded with ibuprofen. This transformation increased the encapsulation efficiencies of the anti-inflammatory drug and the release of the drug was shown to be slower in the PECylated NPs than the normal chitosan NPs [109]. 

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