Nonmetallic elements hydrogen

In this chapter we will discuss the chemistry of a number of common and important nonmetallic elements hydrogen carbon (Group 4A) nitrogen and phosphoms (Group 5A) oxygen and sulfur (Group 6A) and fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine (Group 7A). 

Sulfur is a reactive, nonmetallic element naturally found in nature in a free or combined state. Large deposits of elemental sulfur are found in various parts of the world, with some of the largest being along the coastal plains of Louisiana. In its combined form, sulfur is naturally present in sulfide ores of metals such as iron, zinc, copper, and lead. It is also a constituent of natural gas and refinery gas streams in the form of hydrogen sulfide. Different processes have been developed for obtaining sulfur and sulfuric acid from these three sources. 

We can often decide whether a substance is an ionic compound or a molecular compound by examining its formula. Binary molecular compounds are typically formed from two nonmetals (such as hydrogen and oxygen, the elements in water). Ionic compounds are typically formed from the combination of a metallic element with nonmetallic elements (such as the combination of potassium with sulfur and oxygen to form potassium sulfate, K2S04). Ionic compounds typically contain one metallic element the principal exceptions are compounds containing the ammonium ion, such as ammonium nitrate, which are ionic even though all the elements present are nonmetallic. 

The hydrogen reduction of the halides of nonmetallic elements, such as silicon (Reaction 8) and boron, is an essential process in the production of semiconductors and high-strength fibers. 

Among the most abundant air-polluting gases are ozone, hydrogen sulfide, the oxides of some nonmetallic elements such as sulfur and nitrogen, and several hydrocarbons. 

Chemistry of Nonmetallic Elements I. Hydrogen, Boron, Oxygen,and Carbon... 

The first ionization potential is the energy required to pull the first electron from the outer orbital into space, and is given in table 4.2 and figure 4.2. It is seen that the required energy is lower for the metallic elements, and reaches a minimum at 3.9 eV for cesium it is higher for the nonmetallic elements, and reaches a maximum of 13.6 eV for hydrogen and 24.6 eV for helium. 

Binary acids You can easily recognize a binary acid when you see hydrogen bonded to a nonmetallic element or polyatomic ion without oxygen present. 

The nonmetallic elements, with the exception of hydrogen, are on the right of the periodic table. Nonmetals are very poor conductors of electricity and heat and may also be transparent. Solid nonmetals are neither malleable nor ductile. Rather, they are brittle and shatter when hammered. At 30°C (86°F), some non-metals are solid (carbon, C), others are liquid (bromine, Br), and still others are gaseous (helium, He). 

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