Noninvasive glucose biosensor

Biosensors (qv) and DNA probes ate relatively new to the field of diagnostic reagents. Additionally, a neat-infrared (nit) monitoring method (see Infrared TECHNOLOGY AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY), a teagenfless, noninvasive system, is under investigation. However, prospects for a nit detection method for glucose and other analytes ate uncertain. 

Kimura J. Noninvasive blood glucose concentration monitoring method with suction effusion fluid by ISFET biosensor. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 1993, 41, 55-58. 

Alexeev VL, Das S, Finegold DN, Asher SA (2004) Photonic crystal glucose-sensing material for noninvasive monitoring of glucose in tear fluid. Clin Chem 50(12) 2353-2360 Allcock HR, Phelps MVB, Barrett EW, Pishko MV, Koh WG (2006) Ultraviolet photolithographic development of polyphosphazene hydrogel microstructures for potential use in microarray biosensors. Chem Mater 18(3) 609-613... 

Figure 6.2 Wearable biosensors for epidermal glucose and lactate assessments, (a) The electrochemical reactions involved in glucose and lactate measurements, (b) Real-time noninvasive lactate sensing in human perspiration during exercise events using a flexible printed temporary-transfer tattoo electrochemical biosensor that conforms to the wearer s skin (Adapted with permission from Jia, W., Bandodkar, A.J., Valdes-Ramirez, G., Windmiller, J.R., Yang, Z, Ramirez, J-, Chan, G., Wang, J., 2013. Electrochemical tattoo biosensors for real-time noninvasive lactate monitoring in human perspiration. Anal. Chem. 85, 6553-6560 Copyright (2013) American Chemical Society.).

Noninvasive label-free biosensor using (3-aminopropyl) triethoxy silane and Glucose Chronoamperom- etry 0.6 nM/5 pM—50mM Balakrishnan et al. (2014)... 

Technology used in CGM systems which are currently commercialized or will be commercialized very soon is exclusively based on electrochemical biosensors which measure glucose concentration in ISF or in an ISF extract over a time of up to 14 days. We shall focus on this technology. Readers who are interested in alternative minimally invasive approaches or noninvasive approaches are referred to extensive reviews [222, 223,382]. We shall also not focus on the very interesting topic of long-term sensors, i.e., fully implantable sensors, since they are not yet available commercially. The interested reader may be redirected to a recent review [383]. 

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