Nonhuman resources

Collateral damage—Unintended damages, beyond the destruction of the enemy forces or installations specifically targeted, to surrounding human and nonhuman resources, either military or nonmilitary, caused by the spillover of weapons effect, as opposed to the damage caused by aiming errors. 

At the epitope level, the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB) is the largest immune epitope database so far (http //www.immuneepitope.org/). IEDB has stored more than 65,000 antibody and T-cell epitopes since the database was established in 2004 (9). These immune epitopes cover various species (e.g., humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents) that have been well studied in the areas of infectious diseases (9). Because all stored epitopes in IEDB are manually curated from experimental studies, the data in IEDB have often been used as the gold standard for evaluating in silico epitope prediction tools (10). 

Given that our field has strong roots in media, we have a tendency to constrain our instructional designs to certain mediational systems, particularly to such resources as print, computers, and video. However, it is helpful to keep in mind that many other types of mediational systems can be used. We should keep in mind that the source of instruction can be human or nonhuman, that a human source can be a professional or an amateur, that a nonhuman source can be instroctionally designed or not created specifrcally for purposes of instmction, and that the intended receiver can be an individual or a group. These characteristics yield the kinds of mediational systems shown in figure 5.1. 

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