Nonanoic acid, 288 Table

Since then, a number of studies of model systems have confirmed that dialkenes, cyclic alkenes, and aromatics form substituted monocarboxylic acids, dicar-boxylic acids, and organic nitrates in the condensed phase (e.g., see O Brien et al., 1975a Grosjean and Friedlander, 1979 Dumdei and O Brien, 1984 Izumi and Fukuyama, 1990 and Forstner et al., 1997a, 1997b). For example, Table 9.21 shows the products identified in particles formed in the 1-octene- and 1-decene-NO,-ambient air systems. In both bases, only 40% of the total particle mass could be identified, and the yields shown in Table 9.21 are those relative to the total identified compounds. That is, the absolute product yields are about factor of 2.5 larger. As expected from the known oxidation mechanisms (see Chapter 6.E), heptanal and heptanoic acid are the major condensed-phase oxidation products of 1-octene and nonanal and nonanoic acid from 1-decene (see Problem 4). The mechanism of formation of the fura-nones, which are formed in relatively high yields, is not... 

Acid chlorides of the respective half esters are converted to the desired keto esters by Friedel-Crafts reactions resembling those developed by Fieser for preparing the w-(p-chlorobenzoyl)nonanoic acid ester (5). The keto esters are converted to the respective keto acids through saponification with 10% alcoholic potassium hydroxide, acidification and recrystallization from toluene. Yields of the keto acids based upon the respective acid chlorides are 75 and 79%. Properties of the keto acids and their derivatives are given in Tables I and II. 

For this purpose it was necessary to have, in the organic phase, a reagent able to neutralize the tripositive charge of the orthophenanthroline metallic species. We chose nonanoic acid which has poor solubility in aqueous phases. Nitrobenzene is suitable as a diluent because it solubilizes orthophenanthroline. The results of Eu [III] and Am (III) extraction in the nitrobenzene/ortho-phenanthroline/nonaoic acid mixture are given in Table III. 

TABLE III Distribution coefficients of Am [III] and Eu [III] between nitrobenzenic mixtures of 0.25 N 1-10 phe-nanthroline and 0.25 N nonanoic acid as a function of aqueous nitric acid concentration (y = 0.1]... 

Fig. 3.8. Dependence of equilibrium surface tension on concentration for heptanoic and nonanoic acids ([30], 20°C), octanoic acid ([31], 25 C), decanoic acid ([32], 25°C), and dodecanoic acid ([33], 20 C), numbers denote the number of carbon atoms, the theoretical curves are calculated from the Frumkin (solid line, Table 3.4) and aggregation models (dashed line, Table 3.5), respectively.

Table 2. Fermentation results from mixtures of w-bromoalkanoic acids and nonanoic acid...

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