Non-penetrating condition

Let Pw 0, fid Pr be the profile functions of the wheel and the rail depending on the contact variables. Then, the contact and non-penetrating conditions between wheel and rail have the form... 

Since the temperature here is assumed to be the eutectic temperature Te and due to viscosity the non-penetration condition at the solid boundary is satisfied. 

Inequality (4) is a non-penetration condition between the contacting solids, where represents the sum of the normal elastic displacements from the... 

For the types of comparisons reported here it has generally been convenient to use steady state assumptions, but these clearly do not apply to conditions after forest spraying. Monitoring studies typically report rapid penetration of pesticides to forest streams followed by rapid dissipation of residues by a number of processes. Most published bioconcentration equations do not contain a time term and so they cannot readily be applied to short intervals when only a small fraction of the time to reach equilibrium would apply. The rate constants and other descriptive equations offer the possibility of predicting bioconcentration under non-equilibrium conditions. 

Up to now two-phase two-component flow under non-isothermal conditions and coupled THM (one-phase flow) have been implemented in this code and validated against different experimental results. For the modelling of water penetration into unsaturated bentonite or clay, a swelling model is available in the code. If the test sample is confined within a constant volume, then a swelling pressure will build up which causes changes to the pore structure and reduces the porosity. A small change in porosity can, however, create a considerable reduction in permeability. 

In rubbery polymers, such relationships can be obtained in a rather straightforward way, since true thermodynamic equilibrium is reached locally immediately. In such cases, one simply has to choose the proper equilibrium thermodynamic constitutive equation to represent the penetrant chemical potential in the polymeric phase, selecting between the activity coefficient approacht or equation-of-state (EoS) method ", using the most appropriate expression for the case under consideration. On the other hand, the case of glassy polymers is quite different insofar as the matrix is under non-equilibrium conditions and the usual thermodynamic results do not hold. For this case, a suitable non-equilibrium thermodynamic treatment must be used. 

Modelling studies were carried out to determine the effect of wettability of the metal on the SEN refractory on the behaviour of gas bubbles in the mould [60]. Contact angle was found to have a significant effect with non-wetting conditions leading to the coalescence of bubbles, deep penetration of bubbles and a fluctuating flow [60]. 

Classically, the non-penetrating equations are solved for Pr = Pr p) and this result is inserted into the contact condition [DJ82]. Even for tree structured systems,... 

Figure 11. Monte Carlo configuration snapshots for counterions adsorbed onto a charged wall (within the slice 0 < x < 0.35nm). The conditions are the same as for results in Fig. 12. The circles representing particles have diameter cr = 0.5nm and are selected arbitrarily for visualization. The first snapshot is for R = O.lnm, essential non-penetrable ions, and the second snapshot is for R = 0.8nm, the fully penetrable ions. The 2D densities of each snapshot are = 2.34nm" and p = 2.68nm", respectively. For comparison, the surface charge density is aje = 2.50nm, indicating overcharging for R = 0.8 nm counterions.

Hardness is an estimation of the required force to penetrate jelly (peak force during the first bite). The results showed that jellies prepared with non-amidated pectin had such a low hardness that values could not be measured in the used instrumental conditions. Therefore the non-amidated pectin will not be considered in the other parameters interpretation. This fact agrees with the general information that non-amidated pectins usually require more calcium ions than those already present in the juice for a good gelation (Pedersen, 1980 Pilgrim et al, 1991). 

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