Non-human mammals

Blanchard DC, Griebel G, Blanchard RJ (2001a) Mouse defensive behavior pharmacological and behavioral assays for anxiety and panic. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 25 205-218 Blanchard DC, Hynd AL, Minke KA, Minemoto T, Blanchard RJ (2001b) Human defense behaviors to threat scenarios show parallels to fear- and anxiety-related defense patterns of non-human mammals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 25 761-770 Blanchard DC, Griebel G, Blanchard RJ (2003) The mouse defense test battery pharmacological and behavioral assays for anxiety and panic. Eur J Pharmacol 463 97-116 Blanchard RJ, Blanchard DC (1989) Anti-predator defense behaviors in a visible burrow system. J Comp Psychol 103 70-82... 

Blanchard C, ffynd AL, Minke KA, Minemoto T, Blanchard RJ (2001) Human defensive behaviors to threat scenarios show parallels to fear- and anxiety-related defense patterns of non-human mammals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 25 761-770 Bonham AC (1995) Neurotransmitters in the CNS control of breathing. Respir Physiol 101 219-230... 

Eotuhnum neurotoxins (EoNTs) are perhaps the most lethal toxins known. EoNTs are a set of seven serotypes (A, E, C, D, E, F and G) that are produced almost exclusively by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum. Serotypes C and D are found in birds and non-human mammals. Types A, E, E and F have been implicated in human cases of botuhsm. LD50 values for EoNTs range from 1.1 to 2.5 ng/kg body weight [7]. EoNTs have been associated with a variety of foods, including honey, chili, and hash browns. Isolation of toxins from the suspected food is the current means of diagnosis. 

Highly mineralized bone (petrosal bones of some non-human mammals) has little organic material (8% in the horse petrosal to 3% in the tympanic bulla) [3]. (Almost certainly human ear bones will be somewhere near or in this region, though they seem not to have been studied.)... 

N.B. These relationships imply an increase of 44% in the failure stress if the stress rate is increased one thousandfold. This relationship has been found to be roughly the same in other, non-human, mammals. 

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