Non fluctuations

The non-fluctuating target amplitude statistic can be described by the Rician pdf ... 

In Norway and Romania, hydrogen production and export is in direct competition with electricity transmission via high-voltage direct-current lines (HVDC). This solution is particularly attractive because hydropower is a non-fluctuating renewable energy source and does not destabilise the grid, as, for example, wind or solar power do. 

Countries that have large potentials of cheap non-fluctuating renewable electricity sources where the domestic use of renewable electricity is close to 100% and potential still remains. 

The mechanism of film rupture proposed by Scheludko [29,82] has stimulated a number of experimental works for determination of hcr [e.g. 29,53,54,64,73,88-93]. Most successful were those employing the study of microscopic thin films (r - 100 pm). Since rupture is a process with a clearly pronounced probability character reliable measurements of hcr are possible only with microscopic films in which non-fluctuation disturbances are eliminated. 

For non-fluctuating (solid) objects such averaging is unnecessary. The expression with the centre of mass is useful only if the position of the centre of mass 7 cm of the object is known or is easy to evaluate. Otherwise the expression for the radius of gyration in terms of the average square dis-... 

The fluctuations of junction points in a network are quite similar to those of the branch point of an /-arm star polymer. In order to calculate the amplitude of these fluctuations, start with/- 1 strands that are attached at one end to the surface of the network and joined at the other end by a junction point connecting them to a single strand [see the left-most part of Fig. 7.5(a)]. The strands attached to the elastic non-fluctuating network surface are called seniority-zero strands. Each of these /— 1 seniority-zero strands are attached to a single seniority-one strand by a /-functional crosslink [see the left-mostpart of Fig. 7.5(a)]. The seniority of a particular strand is defined by the number of other network strands along the shortest path between it and the network surface. The/- 1 seniority-zero strands... 

Consider a comb polymer with p Kuhn monomers of length b between neighbouring points of attachment of n-mer side branches. Assume the number of side branches is large and that the end of each side branch is randomly attached to the elastic non-fluctuating background. Show that the mean-square fluctuation of the junction points is h /pn. 

In physical terms, the behavior of a strong junction is governed by the dominant influence of the tensile phase of junction rupture. A weak junction is one in which translational motion of one asperity relative to the other can occur by sliding while the junction is still under compressive stress. In analytical terms, remains at a lower level and the peak of the curve for p. is broader than is found for a strongly adhesive junction. For either a strong or a weak junction, substitution of the results of the stress/strain analysis into Eqns 12-56a and 12-56b gives a steady-state, non-fluctuating value for the coefficient of friction. 

Since the detection of DA deficiency in PD, neurotransmitter replacement has been the therapy of choice (Coleman, 1992). The transmitter has been applied in form of its precursor L-DOPA, combined with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (e.g. benserazide), so that the drug s efficacy develops only in the CNS. L-DOPA is stored in the remaining nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, de-carboxylated to DA and then released. It acts post-synaptically on D and D2 receptors, so that the natural function of the transmitter is imitated and the clinical signs improve. The patients reach a non-fluctuating, constant degree of mobility. 

Fig. 6.10. Time dependence of curvature fluctuations of a giant lipid vesicle with stress-sensitive alamethicin channels in its membrane. Inside the vesicle there is a ferricyanide solution undergoing a photochemical reaction under illumination, which produces a pH gradient and a photopotential across the membrane. The graph shows the second Legendre polynomial amplitude of the angular autocorrelation function of the vesicle radius as a function of time. Brief episodes (peaks) of extensive thermal fluctuations in a tension-free membrane are separated by long periods of a tensed, non-fluctuating vesicle membrane. (V. Vitkova, A.G. Petrov, unpublished.)...

Then, neglecting second order terms n riy and nf and non-fluctuating term with 1 we obtain ... 

Be the problem simplified by considering the pressure as constant and non-fluctuating, then... 

Figure 2.2 Schematic illustration of the conceptual stages in the development of a model to fit photon counting histograms, (a) The case of a non-fluctuating fluorescent particle fixed at the centre of a closed excitation/detection volume (I/q). (b) The case when fluctuations are created by diffusion of the fluorescent molecule around a closed volume with spatially varying excitation/detection efficiency. (c)The case of multiple diffusing molecules in the closed volume, (d) The case when molecules can enter and leave the volume, (e) The case when molecules with different molecular brightness can enter and leave the volume.

In order to emphasize the existence of a domain supporting P, let us consider a reactor, in which the reaction A + vB C has to be produced, feeded through two inlets and (see fig. la). At every point of the flow we can plot a phase plane (V, Yg) at the inlet E, the composition of the flow is assumed non fluctuating, and represented by the point E, at the inlet E, also non fluctuating, the composition is represented by... 

Here Y represents all non-fluctuating (extensive) variables. Thus we also have... 

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