Non-excitable

Here (p, cp2Q and (p2 are the waveflmctions of tire non-excited and excited molecules if tliere is no interaction between tliem. In tire case we consider tire molecules do interact and as a result the dimer exlribits properties different from Arose of tire monomers it comprises. In particular, tire energy level of tire excited state is different from tire monomer—it is split into two states ... 

All the RyR channels are gated by cytoplasmic Ca2+, known as Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR). CICR functions as an amplifier of small Ca2+ signals in various excitable and non-excitable tissues and well documented in E-C coupling in the heart. In addition, RyRl can also mediate depolarization-induced Ca2+ release (DICR) , which is controlled by some protein-protein interactions. DICR is the principal Ca2+ release mode in E-C coupling in the skeletal muscle. 

Pasti L, Zonta M, Pozzan T, Vicini S, Carmignoto G (2001) Cytosolic calcium oscillations in astrocytes may regulate exocytotic release of glutamate. J Neurosci 21 477 84 Fenner R, Neher E (1988) The role of calcium in stimulus-secretion coupling in excitable and non-excitable cells. J Exp Biol 139 329-345... 

In previous reviews on this matter by Gogelein [9] and myself [10] it has been pointed out that the Cl -channels of the central nervous system and of skeletal muscle are distinct from those of non-excitable cells. The latter entity is in itself obviously heterogeneous with respect to its occurrence and function. In apolar as well as in polarized cells Cl -channels may be involved in volume regulation. As a simple rule gating of K" - and Cl -channels is likely to occur whenever cell volume has to be down-regulated [11], as is the case in regulatory volume decrease of cell volume. A simple means to induce this phenomena is the exposure of cells to hypoosmolar solutions [12]. For example Cl -channels play an important role in... 

In the following the Cl -channels will be subdivided into those of the central nervous system, of muscle and Torpedo electroplax, of apolar non-excitable cells and of epithelia. 

Cl -channels with large, intermediate, and small conductance have been found in apolar non-excitable cells. In macrophages and in fibroblasts large Cl -channels were found [33,44]. The latter preparation, lymphocytes, monocytes and keratino-cytes also contain an intermediate conductance outwardly rectifying Cl -channel... 

Fig. 6.22. The dependence of concentration of singlet oxygen on pressure of non-excited oxygen...

Photoexcited aromatic compounds undergo substitution reactions with (non-excited) nucleophiles. The rules governing these reactions are characteristically different and often opposite to those prevailing in aromatic ground state chemistry 501a,b>, in contrast to the well known ortho/para activation in thermal aromatic substitutions, nitro groups activate the meta position in the photochemical substitution, as shown in (5.1) 502). 

Putney, J. W. Jr and Bird, G. S. J. The inositol phosphate-calcium signaling system in non-excitable cells. Endocr. Rev. 14 610-631,1993. 

Brading There is a problem about this. You only established this in non-excitable tissues. In fact, in excitable tissues what is more important for the fast modulation of ion channels is Ca2+ coming in through the plasma membrane, rather than waves. A lot of people who are looking at waves are not measuring membrane potential and ignore spikes altogether. 

Whereas flame emission photometry relies on the excitation of atoms and the subsequent emission of radiation, atomic absorption spectrophotometry relies on the absorption of radiation by non-excited atoms. Because the proportion of the latter is considerably greater than that of the excited atoms, the potential sensitivity of the technique is also much greater. 

Biologic effects of non-excited fullerenes C60, that are revealed at the concentration range lower than 10 4 M, are mostly positive, but depend on the type of cells and the way of modification of fullerene C60 (Yamakoshi et al., 1994). As we have shown earlier, upon the presence of 10 6 M fullerenes C60 in incubation medium, resistance of erythrocytes to hemolysis is not altered, whilst at the concentration of 10 5 M fullerenes C60 the hemolysis rate is accelerated. Hemolytic effect was not revealed if fullerene C. at the concentration of 10 5 M was introduced to the con-tent of aminopropylaerosyl (i.e., upon the presence of fullerene C60-composite-l). Cytotoxic influence was not found if thymocytes and EAC cells were incubated with fullerenes C60 (10 5 M) or fullerene C60-containing composites for 24 h (Piylutska et al., 2006). That is why the study of the influence of irradiation on biologic activity of fullerenes C60 was carried out at their concentration of 10 5 M. 

Under thermal, non-excited-state conditions, the reaction of the gas-phase Co+ ion with dioxygen, Eq. (2), is endothermic (219), while that with N20, Eq. (3), although exothermic by about 40 kcal/mol, has a relatively high kinetic barrier (220) neither reaction produces CoO+ in appreciable amounts. 

These reactions have a characteristic free energy which implies the minimal voltage required. As discussed in section 4.1, an excited molecule is at the same time more easily oxidized and reduced than the ground state species. Reactions of excited molecules at electrodes are however practically unknown because their short lifetimes preclude the contact with the electrode when irradiation takes place in the bulk of the liquid. In practice the photoelectro-chemical reactions at non-excited electrodes are simply the thermal reactions of photoproducts. We shall give here two examples of such reactions. 

The exponential dependence of the efficiency of fluorescence quenching on the distance between a donor and an acceptor may be explained by the tunneling mechanism of electron transfer from a singlet-excited molecule of the donor to the acceptor. Indeed, in case of stationary excitation of donor particles, the value of J is determined by the stationary concentration n of the excited donor particles J = An where A is a constant. The value of n is, in its turn, inversely proportional to the rate constant, k, of deactivation of excited particles nft = nJexcexciting light, quantum yield of excited molecules, and n is the concentration of non-excited donor molecules. Thus, J = AnJexc4>lk. Hence, one can easily obtain... 

Equivalently, the second gradient can be of the same sign of the first, provided that a 180° pulse is applied in between the two. In the so-called Watergate sequence [14], selective non-excitation is achieved by tailoring the 180° pulse in such a way that all frequencies but the unwanted frequency are irradiated. The simplest scheme employed a 90° x (sel) 180° (non-sel)90° JC (sel) pulse sequence (Fig. 9.1G). The selectivity increases with the length of the 90° pulses. 

The approach discussed in this section is preferable to any approach based on solvent suppression when solvent nuclei are in quasi-slow exchange with signals of interest. Saturation of the solvent nuclei transfers magnetization to the observable signals, decreasing their intensity, whereas non-excitation does not cause any interference. 

L-type calcium channels are the primary trigger for excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscles (Bean, 1989). They are also found in most central and peripheral neurons where they in part control calcium-dependent gene expression, as well as in endocrine cells and many types of non-excitable cells where they contribute to a variety of processes including exocytotic release. Unlike most synapses in the brain and spinal cord that rely on P/Q- and N-type calcium channels for neurotransmitter release, (Wheeler et al., 1994), the presynaptic terminals in photoreceptor cells rely on the Cav1.4 (a1F) L-type calcium channel for mediating glutamate release (Tachibana et al., 1993 Nachman-Clewner et al., 1999). Photoreceptor neurotransmission is atypical first,... 

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