Nomenclature clarification

Some of the rigidly systematic names selected by the Association for Science Education for their nomenclature list in 1985 from the IUPAC possibilities, and some of the systematic indexing names used by Chemical Abstracts since 1972, are given as synonyms in the Index of Chemical Names (Appendix 4). This should assist those coming into industry and research with a command of those nomenclature systems but who may be unfamiliar with the current variety of names used for chemicals. The inclusion where possible of the CAS Registry Number for each title compound should now simplify the clarification of any chemical name or synonym problems, by reference to the Registry Handbook or other CAS source. 

The same publication [2] recommended a generic source-based nomenclature, which comprises the optional addition of a polymer class name to the source-based name of the polymer. The addition is recommended when it is necessary to avoid ambiguity or to add clarification. 

A few words of clarification about the nomenclature are relevant here. Columnar phases have been known for many years they were evident, for example, in the work of Spegt and Skoulios (28) on metal soaps, although these are not classical disk-shaped molecules. In 1977, however, a hexasubstituted benzene derivative was reported (29), this derivative was the first example of a properly disk-like mesogen, and the term discotic was coined to describe the mesophases it formed. Thus, for example, the discotic hexagonal phase was labeled Dh- The introduction of this nomenclature has actually caused confusion as disk-like molecules are not alone in their capacity to form columnar phases (indeed, some... 

One major clarification of the nomenclature problem requires that the words quantum, efficiency, and yield be used only in particular ways and with quite specific meanings. Thus we propose here that "quantum" should always be used with "yield," whereas "efficiency" should be used alone, not combined with "quantum." In this way there will be two clearly distinguishable terms efficiency and quantum yield. The first is to be reserved to describe the relative importance of one step among all the steps which depopulate a given excited state, and the second to be used only when direct reference is made to the number of absorbed photons. 

A clarification of nomenclature and sign convention, which may often be confusing, is called for in this context. It can be stated categorically that the cathode is always the electrode at which a reduction process (e.g., hydrogen evolution or metal deposition) takes place. Similarly, the anode is always the electrode at which oxidation (e.g., oxygen evolution or metal dissolution) takes place. But, which is the positive and which is the negative elec-... 

Westermark P, Benson MD, Buxbaum IN, Cohen AS, Frangione B, Ikeda SI, Masters CL, Merlini G, Saraiva Ml, Sipe ID (2005) Amyloid toward terminology clarification—report from the Nomenclature Committee of the International Society of Amyloidosis. Amyloid 12 1 ... 

As an aside, the nomenclature of the coal tar industry, like that of the petroleum industry (Speight, 2007), needs refinement and clarification. Almost any black, undefined, semisolid-to-liquid material is popularly, and often incorrectly, described as tar or pitch whether it be a manufactured product or a naturally occurring substance (Chapter 16). However, to be correct and to avoid any ambiguity, use of these terms should be applied with caution. The term tar is usually applied to the volatile and nonvolatile soluble products that are produced during the carbonization or destructive distillation (thermal decomposition with the simultaneous removal of distillate) of various organic materials. By way of further definition, distillation of the tar yields an oil (volatile organic products often referred to as benzole) and a nonvolatile pitch. In addition, the origin of the... 

The lUPAC rules for organic chemistry have been extended by a very large number of definitive rules to cover nomenclature of functions. Their effect on the principles of previous organic nomenclature has, however, been relatively slight and, since this Introduction is confined to principles, the changes in its organic section are relatively few. The opportunity has, however, been taken occasionally to modify the exposition where clarification seemed possible. 

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