Nomenclature and Formalism

The term carbene will be used as the generic term. Particular structures will be designated using the system of nomenclature in which carbenes are treated as derivatives of the parent species methylene (CH2 ). Thus, for example, 5 will be referred to as dimethylmethylene rather than dimethylcarbene (which derives from the now obsolescent carbinol convention) or isopropylidene (which might lead to confusion with stable molecules in more complex organic structures). 

The system is clumsy and obscure, however, in handling compounds in which the divalent carbon is located in a ring. Kirmse s suggestion of using the prefix carbena- in a fashion similar to the use of aza-, oxa-, etc. in organic heterocyclic nomenclature has much to recommend it and will be used where necessary in the subsequent discussion. On this basis, 6, for example, would be named l-carbena-2-methylcyelopentane. 

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In this section, the basics of experimental designs are introduced. Many definitions are given to introduce the most usual nomenclature and to avoid some common misconceptions. A practical and easy-to-follow approach was preferred instead of a more formal one, and literature references are given for more advanced or interested readers. 

IUPAC Commissions, and with persons outside IUPAC during the period 1970-1975. Among the latter, special mention must be made to Professors M. Boudart (USA), J. B. Butt (USA), and F. S. Stone (UK). A tentative version of these proposals was issued as Appendix 39 (August 1974) on Tentative Nomenclature, Symbols, Units and Standards to IUPAC Information Bulletin. The text has been revised in the light of the criticisms, comments, and suggestions which were received, and the present version was prepared by the Commission and formally adopted by the IUPAC Council at its meeting in Madrid, Spain, in September 1975. 

Formally, HGeCl3 belongs to inorganic chemistry and should be named trichloroger-manium hydride. We will follow the organic chemistry nomenclature and use the name... 

IEC was formally created in 1906 to consider standardization of the nomenclature and ratings of electrical apparatus and machinery. In 1947, IEC became affiliated with ISO as its electrical division, but it maintained its technical and financial autonomy. 

In order to provide comprehensive and up-to-date information, several specialists of vibrational spectroscopy have contributed chapters dealing with their particular fields. The editor did not make considerable effort to force the authors to use exactly the same nomenclature. The nomenclature used by different authors reflects the common usage in the pertinent literature of the individual fields. There are typical but established differences in the nomenclature used by chemists and physicists - chemists prefer to think in terms of molecules and their properties, whereas physicists like to concentrate on phenomena and formalisms. However, the lUPAC and lUPAP rules as well as the SI units are obeyed wherever suitable and possible. The literature citations of all chapters are collected in a common section at the end of this book, arranged according to the name-date system (Ebel and Bliefert, 1990). 

Compositional nomenclature is formally based on composition, not structure, and may thus be the (only) choice if little or no structural information is available or a minimum of structural information is to be conveyed. 

Nomenclature is defined [3a] as a system or set of names or designations used in a particular science, discipline, or art and formally... 

This is an additive nomenclature, and just as organic chemists have developed substitutive nomenclature in parallel with the methodology of substitutive chemistry, inorganic chemists have developed a nomenclature for coordination compormds that arises from the formal assembly of a... 

A comment regarding nomenclature is now in order. We distinguish between a one-component approach and a mixture-model approach to water. Within the latter, we further distinguish between continuous and discrete mixture-model approaches, according to the nature of the parameter used for the classification procedure (for instance, v and K in Chapter 5). All of these are equivalent and formally exact. The various ad hoc mixture rnodels for water may be viewed as approximate versions of the general mixture-model approach. This will be discussed in Section 6.9. 

After consideration of the comments, the next version is produced and forwarded to the lUPAC Secretariat for distribution to the National Adhering Societies for public review and to lUPAC s scientific and formal court of last resort, the lUPAC Interdivisional Committee on Terminology, Nomenclature and Symbols (ICTNS). After consideration of the responses from the public review and final approval by... 

The R-ion s valence f electrons are unavailable for bonding because they are buried within the outer s-, p- and d electron shells. As a consequence, the electronic properties exhibited by an R ion are well described by simple electrostatic, single-ion modeling. There are several excellent reviews in the literature about the treatment of the f-ion electronic properties (e.g. Judd 1963, Wyboume 1965, Newman 1971). We present here a brief introduction to establish the formalisms, nomenclature, and conventions used in this review. 

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