Noise defined

Measurement Noise) Define the measurement noise as being constant,... 

A more common measurement of noise, which requires a digitized signal and a computer, is the root-mean-square (rms) noise, defined as... 

To recover the ideal case of Eq. (1.1) we would have to assume that (u ), vanishes. The analog simulation of Section III, however, will involve additive stochastic forces, which are an unavoidable characteristic of any electric circuit. It is therefore convenient to regard as a parameter the value of which will be determined so as to fit the experimental results. In the absence of the coupling with the variable Eq. (1.7) would describe the standard motion of a Brownian particle in an external potential field G(x). This potential is modulated by a fluctuating field The stochastic motion of in turn, is driven by the last equation of the set of Eq. (1.7), which is a standard Langevin equation with a white Gaussian noise defined by... 

If a tree falls and there is no one there to hear it, does it produce a noise This centuries-old conundrum is readily answered, depending on one s definition of noise. Defined physically, then yes, the air will vibrate. If noise is defined psychologically, then no Without an ear to hear it, there can be no sound. 

The sources of noise (defined as any type of additive unwanted signal) in a seismic record include inherent instrument noise (self-noise), environmental effects, excessive instrument noise, installation-driven noise, and ancillary equipment noise. A seismometer s self-noise is usually specified by the manufacturer, typically as a power spectral density (PSD) plot, and this establishes a performance baseUne for an installation. Good installation practice will include mitigating sources of environmental noise as much as is practical. Excessive instrument noise is defined as noise originating within the seismometer in addition to its published self-noise characteristic and may represent variability in the... 

The main goal of ultrasonic grain noise suppression in material flaw detection is to improve the perceptual possibilities of the operator to observe defect echoes. The suppression is defined as perceptually ideal when a received signal (or image) which contains echoes buried in noise is filtered to yield nonzero values only at the positions of the defect echoes. 

Where Ui denotes input number i and there is an implied summation over all the inputs in the expression above A, Bj, C, D, and F are polynomials in the shift operator (z or q). The general structure is defined by giving the time delays nk and the orders of the polynomials (i.e., the number of poles and zeros of the dynamic models trom u to y, as well as of the noise model from e to y). Note that A(q) corresponds to poles that are common between the dynamic model and the noise model (useful if noise enters system close to the input). Likewise Fj(q) determines the poles that are unique for the dynamics from input number i and D(q) the poles that are unique for the noise N(t). 

The ultrasonic images that we want to process are HF- type, (i.e., huilt from High Frequency signals. Fig. 4). Consequently, the noise is situated in the eentral part of the matrix. In order that we define two thresholds tl and t2. These last will be determined by using one of some measures quoted in the bibliography. 

With the fomi of free energy fiinctional prescribed in equation (A3.3.52). equation (A3.3.43) and equation (A3.3.48) respectively define the problem of kinetics in models A and B. The Langevin equation for model A is also referred to as the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation (if the noise temi is ignored) the model B equation is often referred to as the Calm-Flilliard-Cook equation, and as the Calm-Flilliard equation in the absence of the noise temi. 

Handling of complex data sets Visual data mining methods especially show huge advantages over classical approaches if only Httle information about the data is known or if the expected patterns and relationships are not clearly defined. Furthermore, very inhomogeneous data sets or data with a high noise level can still be analyzed by these methods. 

If the magnitudes of the dissipative force, random noise, or the time step are too large, the modified velocity Verlet algorithm will not correctly integrate the equations of motion and thus give incorrect results. The values that are valid depend on the particle sizes being used. A system of reduced units can be defined in which these limits remain constant. 

The sensitivity equation can be developed by differentiating equation 4 with respect to J. Since the signal is proportional to J and detection is defined as to when the measured signal to noise ratio equals 3, the gas detection sensitivity (ppm) in terms of the NEP for gas detection becomes ... 

Two usehil measures of the performance of a sound-isolating constmction are sound transmission loss (TL) and noise reduction (AIR). Sound transmission loss is defined as follows, where IH is the incident sound power (Watts) on the source side of the specimen, and W is the transmitted sound power on the receiving side (7). 

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