Nodulating bacteria

E. B. Fred, I. L. Baldwin, and E. McCoy, Root Nodule Bacteria andEeguminous Plants, Studies in Science No. 5, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wis., 1932. 

A. L. Virtanen, S. Von Hausen, and T. Laine, Investigations on the root nodule bacteria of leguminous plants XIX. Influence of various factors on the excretion of nitrogenous compounds from nodules. Journal of Agricultural Science 27 332 (1937). 

Bushby, H.V.A. Marshall, K. C. (1977a). Some factors affecting the survival of root-nodule bacteria on desiccation. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 9, 143-7. 

Marshall, K. C. (1964). Survival of root-nodule bacteria in dry soils exposed to high temperatures. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 15, 273-81. 

Research on BNF almost ceased during the first World War and, even before 1914, its focus had shifted from Europe to America. All movements have their scriptures for BNF the Old Testament was Fred, Baldwin and McCoy s The Root Nodule Bacteria and Leguminous Plants (1932), and the New Testament, P. W. Wilson s The Biochemistry of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation (1940) both published by the University of Wisconsin Press in Madison. 

Fred, E.B., Baldwin, I.L., McCoy, E.F. (1932). Root Nodule Bacteria and Leguminous Plants. Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI. 

What do we mean when we say a plant is diseased If you accidentally skin the bark off the base of a tree with your lawn mower, is that tree diseased If spring frosts. slightly burn the leaves on broccoli transplants, are those plants diseased Are pea plants infected with beneficial root-nodule bacteria diseased ... 

Trimble, R.B. and Ehrlich, H.L., 1968. Bacteriology of manganese nodules. III. Reduction of Mn02 by 2 strains of nodule bacteria. Appl. Microbiol., 16 695—702. 

Ehrlich, H.L., 1974. Response of some activities of ferromanganese nodule bacteria to hydrostatic pressure. In R.R. Colwell and R.Y. Morita (Editors), Effect of the Ocean Environment on Microbiol Activities. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp. 208—221. 

Pure cultures of nodule bacteria are inoculated into sterile flunks of liquid media of the following composition ... 

Iron, like many of the micronutrients, is involved in enzymatic reactions. It is a constituent of cytochrome respiratory pigments found in animals, higher plants and microorganisms. These pigments that are involved in intracellular oxidations, are chemically much like hemoglobin, since they are complexes of iron, porphyrin and a protein. Cytochrome-c and the iron-porphyrin enzyme, cytochrome oxidase, both take part in cell respiration (Hewitt, 1951), and are probably also involved in photosynthesis. Iron is also required for fixation of elemental nitrogen in free-living and nodule bacteria (Nicholas, 1961). 

Van Egeraat, A. W. S. M. (1972). In Pea-root Exudates and Their Effect Upon Root-nodule Bacteria, pp. 1-2. H. Veenam and N. V. Zoner, Wageningen. 

Wedler f al. (1978) have identified two forms of glutamine synthetase in Bacillus caldolytiens and Darrow and Knotts (1977) have shown two forms in Rhizobium japonicum and other free living root nodule bacteria. In both cases the two forms differ in their isoelectric points and stability. The work of Darrow and Knotts (1977) indicates that the two forms are not the result of differences in adenylation state of a single form. Type I appears similar to the E. coli enzyme in stability and in being susceptible to adenylation. Type II however is not adenylated and is more unstable. 

Table 6.1 Host Distribution of Nitrogen Fixing Root Nodule Bacteria of the Genus Rhizobium. In addition certain strains, not listed have a wider spectrum of activity, e.g. the promiscuous strains effecting the cow pea groups.

The objects of studies were strain of nodulating bacteria S. meliloti S3, strain of phosphate-mobilizing bacteria S, plymuthica 57, alfalfa (Mc<7/cago sativa L.), sod-podzol soil (humus - 2.38%, pH - 6.0, P2O5- 172 mg/kg soil, K O - 147 mg/kg soil, hydrolytic acidity - 1.82 mg/eq./100 g soil, total absorbed bases - 0.11 mg/eq./100 g soil), oil and derived products. 

Plant-microbial association is made up by strain of alfalfa nodulating bacteria S. meliloti S3, strain of phosphate mobilizing bacteria S. plymuthica 57 and alfalfa cultivars (Medicago sativa L.) withstanding soil contamination with crude oil, diesel fuel and industrial oil. 

Plant-microbial association 5. meliloti S3 +5. plymuthica SI +M. sativa may be applied for remediation of soil polluted with petroleum, industrial oil and diesel fuel. Tbe performed studies have shown that microbial treatment of alfalfa seeds intensified degradation of 1% crude oil in sod-podzol soil (Figure 12.1). Inoculation of alfalfa seeds with nodulating bacteria S. meliloti S3 accelerated oil decomposition (after 3 months) by 13.8% as compared to the control. Exposure of alfalfa seeds to phosphate-mobilizing bacteria S. plymuthica 57 and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increased the rate of crude oil decay in soil by 28.4% and 22.7%, respectively. Maximal efficiency of petroleum disposal was achieved by plant-microbial association S. meliloti S3 + S. plymuthica 57 +M. sativa realizing the fastest process (58.47% up the control). 

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