Nobel - Abel

Very little has been published covering such nonideal, but very realistic, situations. Two publications by Wiederman (1986a,b) treat nonideal gases. He uses a co-volume parameter, which is apparent in the Nobel-Abel equation of state of a nonideal gas, in order to quantify the influence on flragment velocity. The co-volume parameter is deflned as the difference between a gas s initial-stage speciflc volume and its associated perfect gas value. 

CHEMKIN REAL-GAS A Fortran Package for Analysis of Thermodynamic Properties and Chemical Kinetics in Nonideal Systems, Schmitt, R. G., Butler, P. B. and French, N. B. The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA. Report UIME PBB 93-006,1993. A Fortran program (rglib.f and rgin-terp.f) used in connection with CHEMKIN-II that incorporates several real-gas equations of state into kinetic and thermodynamic calculations. The real-gas equations of state provided include the van der Waals, Redlich-Kwong, Soave, Peng-Robinson, Becker-Kistiakowsky-Wilson, and Nobel-Abel. 

The most common equation of state for interior ballistics is that of Nobel-Abel ... 

Figure 12.1 Comparison of ideal and Nobel-Abel EOSs for a typical explosive or propellant product gas mixture at a temperature of 3500 K.

The main process of combustion of blackpowder was studied exhaustively by Nobel and Abel and by Berthelot. These experimental results were examined in much greater detail by Debus, who has provided a self-consistent account of the chemical reactions involved. Debus considers that the overall reaction can be divided into two distinct stages (a) a rapid oxidation process and (b) a slower reduction process. 

B. Direct Dipping Process, Also known as Nobel s Method, was an improvement over Abel s Process. The method was developed and used for many years at Nobel s Factory Ardeer,... 

Effectiveness of an Explosive-High and Low Explosives-Theoretical Efficiency—M.M. Roux and Sanau s Results-Abel and Noble s—Nobel s Ballistic Test-The Mortar—Pressure or Crusher Gauge—Calculation Volume of Gas Evolved, c.—Lead Cylinders—The Foot-Pounds Machine—Noble s Pressure Gauge—Lieut. Walke s Results—Calculation of Pressure Developed by Dynamite and Gun-Cotton—McNab s and Ristori s Results of Heat Developed by the Explosion of Various Explosives—Composition of some of the Explosives in Common Use for Blasting, c. 

The ability to see order in chaos has won the mathematician Yakov G. Sinai the 2014 Abel Prize. The Prize, named after the Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel, is awarded annually by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and is viewed by many as on par with the Nobel Prize. 

An increase in the stability of nitrocellulose was achieved by Abel. Nobel invented Dynamite. 

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