Nitrous oxide pharmacokinetics

Levitt, D.G., PKQuest volatile solutes — Application to enflurane, nitrous oxide, halothane, methoxyflurane and toluene pharmacokinetics, BMC Anesthesiol, 2, 5, 2002. 

Lien CA, Schmith VD, Belmont MR, Abalos A, Kisor DF, Savarese JJ. Pharmacokinetics of cisatracurium in patients receiving nitrous oxide/opioid/barbiturate anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1996 84(2) 300-8. 

Caldwell JE, Canfell PC, Castagnoli KP, Lynam DP, Fahey MR, Fisher DM, Miller RD. The influence of renal failure on the pharmacokinetics and duration of action of pipecuronium bromide in patients anesthetized with halothane and nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 1989 70(1) 7-12. 

Wierda JM, Kleef UW, Lambalk LM, Kloppenburg WD, Agoston S. The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of Org 9426, a new non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, in patients anaesthetized with nitrous oxide, halothane and fentanyl. Can J Anaesth 1991 38(4 Pt l) 430-5. 

A. Classification and Pharmacokinetics The agents currently used in inhalation anesthesia are nitrous oxide (a gas) and several easily vaporized liquid halogenated hydrocarbons, including halothane, desflurane. enflurane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and methoxyflurane. They are administered as gases their partial pressure, or tension, in the inhaled air or in blood or other tissue is a measure of them concentration. Since the standard pressure of the total inhaled mixture is atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg at sea level), the partial pressure may also be expressed as a percentage. Thus 50% nitrous oxide in the inhaled air would have a partial pressure of 380 mm Hg. The speed of induetion of anesthetic effects depends on several factors ... 

Limited evidence suggests parecoxib does not affect the pharmacokinetics or clinical effects of propofol. Parecoxib does not appear to interact with nitrous oxide and isoflurane. 

The pharmacokinetics of (+)-tubocurarine in man with and without renal failure, and anaesthetized with halothane and nitrous oxide, have been studied. Other studies with (+)-tubocurarine include investigations of its effects on neurally evoked compound electromyograms, its actions at hyperbaric pressures, the effects of circulating residue of the ED50 dose five minutes after injection on unexposed neuromuscular junctions, the uptake of (+)-tubo-curarine by liver lysosomes, the potentiation of (+)-tubocurarine neuromuscular blockade by lithium chloride in cats, effects on the heart and on ocular function, and the distribution of the alkaloid in cerebrospinal fluid after intravenous injection. The clinical pharmacology of dimethyl-(+)-tubocurarine (metocurine) has also been studied. ... 

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