Nitrosamine occurrence

Since the first report of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) contamination in beer (ij ), there have been a number of surveys on volatile nitrosamine occurrence in beers of different types and origins. The data in Table I includes NDMA analyses on light beers, dark beers, ales, and malt liquors. Table I shows that the... 

Tobacco Specific N-Nitrosamines Occurrence, Carcinogenicity and Metabolism", ACS Symp. Ser, 1979, 101, 125-152,... 

Reliable methods are available for determination of nitrosamines, especially volatile nitrosamines, in a variety of foods, environmental samples, commercial products, blood and animal tissues. Reviews of these methods are available (1, 2) and descriptions of some state-of-the-art procedures are included in papers on nitrosamine occurrence in this volume. This paper is not intended to be a comprehensive review of historical developments or of the many variations of procedures... 

Tobacco Specific A -Nitrosamines Occurrence, Carcinogenicity, and Metabolism... 

Hoffmann, D., J.D. Adams, K.D. Brunnemann, A. Rivenson, and S.S. Hecht Tobacco-specific V-nitrosamines Occurrence and bioassays in V-Nitroso compounds - Occurrence and biological effects, edited by H. Bartsch, I.K. O Nefll, M. Castegnaro, and M. Okada, lARC, Lyon, France, lARC Sci. Publ. No. 41... 

Oliver, J. E., 1981, Pesticide-derived nitrosamines Occurrence and environmental fate, N-nitroso Compounds," R. A. Scanlan and S. R. Tannenbaum, eds., American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 

Formation, Occurrence, and Carcinogenicity of iV-Nitrosamines in Tobacco Products... 

Egan, H. Preussmann, R. Walker, E.A. Castegnaro, M. Wasserman, A.E. Eds. "Environmental Carcinogens Selected Methods of Analysis Vol. 1 - Analysis of Volatile Nitrosamines in Food." lARC Scientific Publications No. 18. International Agency for Research on Cancer Lyon, 1978. Walker, E.A. Griciute, L. Castegnaro, M. Borzsonyi, M., Eds. "N-Nitroso Compounds Analysis Formation and Occurrence" lARC Scientific Publications No. 31. International Agency for Research on Cancer Lyon, 1980. Hedler, L. Schurr, C. Marquadt, P. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1979, 681-684. 

Nitrosamines and Pesticides A Special Report on the Occurrence of Nitrosamines as Terminal Residues Resulting from Agricultural Uses of Certain Pesticides (10), P. C. Kearney, Project Coordinator, Pure and Appl. Chem.,... 

Padhye L, Tezel U, Mitch WA, Pavlostathis SG, Huang C-H (2009) Occurrence and fate of nitrosamines and their precursors in municipal sludge and anaerobic digestion systems. Environ Sci Technol 43 3087-3093... 

Various NOC can be found in food processing operations. The most commonly known contributors to dietary volatile and non-volatile N-nitrosamines are nitrite cured meats, particularly fried bacon and beer. Several reviews cover the occurrence and formation of... 

The contamination in beer with NOC was first reported in Germany in 197987. The contamination of beer occurs during the kilning (drying) process of malt88 and fermentation89, which leads to the occurrence of NDMS and NPYR. The nitrogen oxides were identified as a source of nitrosamine formation in the beer, formed by nitrosation of the alkaloids... 

GC/MS(/MS) is also popular for quantifying DBFs. Selected ion monitoring (SIM) or multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode are used with GC/MS and GC/ MS/MS, respectively, to maximize the sensitivity and provide low detection limits. Some EFA Methods utilize GC/MS, including EFA Method 524.2, which uses GC/ EI-MS for THM analysis [155], and EFA Method 521, which uses for GC/CI-MS/ MS for nitrosamine analysis [55]. In addition, many priority unregulated DBFs have been measured using GC/MS in a U.S. Nationwide Occurrence Study [11,12]. 

Planas C, Palacios O, Ventura F, Rivera J, Caixach J (2008) Analysis of nitrosamines in water by automated SPE and isotope dilution GC/HRMS - Occurrence in the different steps of a drinking water treatment plant, and in chlorinated samples from a reservoir and a sewage treatment plant effluent. Talanta 76 906-913... 

Bruimemaim, K.D., Hecht, S.S. Hoffmann, D. (1982-1983) N-Nitrosamines environmental occurrence, in vivo formation and metabolism. J. Toxicol, din. Toxicol, 19, 661-688... 

Bretschneider, K. and Matz, J. "Occurrence and Analysis of Nitrosamines in Air" IN Environmental N-nitroso Compounds Analysis and Formation (E.A. Walker, P. Bogovski, L. Griciute... 

Although the potentially carcinogenic nitrosamines may he present in foods, particularly cured meats, occurrence is infrequent and at low levels. USDA regulations stipulate that ascorbic acid be added to cured meats at live limes the level of nitrates and nitrites to prevent the formation of carcinogenic Af-nitroso compounds. See also Food Additives. 

Fiddler, W., et al. Some Current Observations on the Occurrence and Formation of N-nitrosamines, Proc, 18th Meeting Meat Res. Workers, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 1972. 

Fine, D.H., Reisch, J. and Rounbehler, D.P. (1980) Nitrosamines in new automobiles, in N-Nitroso-Compounds Analysis, Formation and Occurrence, IARC Scientific Publications No. 31, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, pp. 541-54. 

Genotoxic DNA-alkylating activation-independent (mustard gas) activation-dependent (nitrosamines) Interfering with DNA (inorganic metals) Transspecies occurrence At low dose levels Short latency period No threshold for extrapolation to humans... 

Animal toxicity studies have shown no evidence of phototoxicity or tumor occurrence when bronopol is applied to rodents topically or administered orally and there is no in vitro or in vivo evidence of mutagenicity this is despite the demonstrated potential of bronopol to liberate nitrite on decomposition, which in the presence of certain amines may generate nitrosamines. Formation of nitrosamines in formula-... 

We have carried out a series of investigations in pursuit of a QSAR for a set of cyclic nitrosamines from the Lijinsky data base (JL). TD50 has been used as the biological measure. All the cyclic nitrosamines considered produced tumors of the esophagus. In several instances tumors were found at additional sites in the animals. It is to be emphasized that the occurrence of tumors, and the reduced average life of the animals, due to exposure to nitrosamines, must be assumed indicative of the carcinogenic potency of a compound. 

Fine, D.H. et al., Endogenous syntheses of volatile nitrosamines model calculations and risk assessment, in N-Nitroso Compounds Occurrence and Biological Effects, Bartsch, H. et al., Eds., IARC, Lyon, France, 1982, Publ. 41. 

Occurrence of volatile nitrosamines in air has been associated with tire and rubber products, leather tanneries, and automotive upholstery, and, as a result, measurable levels of the nitrosamines have been found in certain confined areas, e.g. automobile interiors. Concentrations of NDMA in interior air of automobiles have been found to vary widely due to differences in age of the car, design and decor. Levels of NDMA in interior air of new cars were found to range from <0.02 to 0.83 g/m (Dropkin 1985, Rounbehler et al. 1980). 

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