Nitromusk compounds

Neamtu M., I. Siminiceanu, and A. Kettrup (2000). Kinetics of nitromusk compounds degradation in water by ultraviolet radiation and hydrogen peroxide. Chemosphere 40 1407-1410. 

Schramm, K.-W., Kaune, A., Beck, B., Thumm, W., Behechti, A., Kettrup, A. and Nickolova, P. (1996) Acute toxicities of five nitromusk compounds in Daphnia, algae and photoluminescent bacteria, Water Research 30 (10), 2247-2250. 

MAE has also been applied for the extraction of nitromusk compounds from house dust samples (Regueiro et al. 2007). Dust (0.8 g) was extracted at 80°C for 10 min using a mixture of 8 mL n-hexane and 4 mL sulphuric acid 1 M containing ascorbic acid 0.10%. Clean-up was performed by addition and shaking of partially deactivated Florisil. Extracts were further analyzed by GC/pECD. Under these conditions, recoveries between 88 and 97% and LODs from 1.03 to 3.26 ng g were reported. 

Luckenbach T, Epel D (2005) Nitromusk and polycyclic musk compounds as long-term inhibitors of cellular xenobiotic defense systems mediated by multidrug transporters. Environ Health Perspect 113 17-24... 

T. Luckenbach and D. Epel, Nitromusk and Polycyclic Musk Compounds as Long-Term Inhibitors of Cellular Xenobiotic Defense Systems Mediated by Multidrug Transporters, Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005, 113, 1, 17. 

The natural musks were always very expensive and their macrocyclic structures presented synthetic challenges which were not conquered, even on laboratory scale, until the pioneering work of Ruzicka in 1926. It was therefore of major importance to the fragrance industry when, in 1888, Baur discovered the nitromusks. He had actually been working on explosives and noticed that the product of t-butylation of trinitrotoluene (TNT) had a pleasant, sweet, musky odour. The compound was named Musk Baur (38), although the alternative name, Musk Toluene , eventually became more common. For a while it was also known as Tonkinol because of the similarity of its odour to that of musk Tonkin. Baur then searched for analogues of this material and... 

Most of fragrance determinations in indoor environments have been focused on synthetic musks, and have been performed on dust (Table 5). Synthetic musk fragrances have been extracted from house dust by PLE (Gevao et al. 2006 Rudel et al. 2003). Fromme et al. (2004) carried out the PLE extraction of both polycyclic and nitromusk in indoor dust with n-hexane/diethyl ether (19 1) and further determination by GC/MS operating in the El mode with SIM. Recently, Peck et al. (2007) reported the extraction of musk compounds from the indoor dust standard reference material SRM 2585 with dichloromethane at 100°C and 2000 psi. After clean-up on an alumina SPE cartridge, a GPC column and volume concentration, recoveries in the range 73-90% were obtained. 

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